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Topic Review
Magnetic Solid Nanoparticles and Their Counterparts
Cancer is a malignant disease involving uncontrolled and rapid growth of aberrant and nonfunctional cells as a result of epigenetic and genetic modifications. These have the capacity to metastasize to distant organs of the body. Within the cancer field, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained interest as highly functionalized tools that can be applied to diagnosis, monitorization, and therapy. Their relative straightforward synthesis, functionalization, purification, and characterization, together with their usually good biodegradability and diagnostic platform potential, confer major advantages for their use in cancer theranostics. Magnetic solid lipid nanoparticles (mSLNs) represent a new class of functional nanoplatforms that usually consist of inorganic magnetic nanoparticles incorporated in solid lipid nano-matrices and which have great applicability in the medical field.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Role of Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death worldwide. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is defined as a fat depot localized between the myocardial surface and the visceral layer of the pericardium and is a type of visceral fat. EAT is one of the most important risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events and a promising new therapeutic target in CVDs. In health conditions, EAT has a protective function, including protection against hypothermia or mechanical stress, providing myocardial energy supply from free fatty acid and release of adiponectin. In patients with obesity, metabolic syndrome, or diabetes mellitus, EAT becomes a deleterious tissue promoting the development of CVDs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Moral Foundational Theory and Framing
Framing grew from Prospect Theory: this theory centres on the finding that “decisions taken by individuals can be altered by presenting information in logically equivalent but semantically different ways”. Moral Foundational Framing is a specific form of framing that seeks to marry Moral Foundations Theory with framing. To this end, frames are laden with words that evoke certain moral foundations. 
  • 1.2K
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Role of NADPH Oxidases in Pathologies
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NADPH oxidases, NOX), were discovered in immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, in the 1970s. Upon phagocytosis of pathogens, the enzymatic complex is activated and triggers O2− production in an “oxidative burst” that acts to kill pathogens. Over time, enzymes with a similar function located in various tissues have been identified and subsequently grouped into the NOX family of enzymes. The mitochondrial electron transport chain was soon demonstrated as another source of O2− due to a “leaky” electron transport system, its O2− scavenged by superoxide dismutase (SOD) into H2O2.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Equitable Division
An equitable division (EQ) is a division of a heterogeneous object (e.g. a cake), in which the subjective value of all partners is the same, i.e., each partner is equally happy with his/her share. 
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Acceptance Test–Driven Development
Acceptance test–driven development (ATDD) is a development methodology based on communication between the business customers, the developers, and the testers. ATDD encompasses many of the same practices as specification by example (SBE), behavior-driven development (BDD), example-driven development (EDD), and support-driven development also called story test–driven development (SDD). All these processes aid developers and testers in understanding the customer's needs prior to implementation and allow customers to be able to converse in their own domain language. ATDD is closely related to test-driven development (TDD). It differs by the emphasis on developer-tester-business customer collaboration. ATDD encompasses acceptance testing, but highlights writing acceptance tests before developers begin coding.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Aspergillus Strain for the Production of Itaconic Acid
Itaconic acid (IA) is a well-known bio-based monounsaturated organic acid (C5H6O4), with a white color and crystalline structure. It is widely used in the agro-based, plastics, textile, paint and pharmaceutical sectors, owing to its flexible structure, due to the presence of functional groups with covalent double bonds. IA is an alternative to the petrochemicals acrylic and methacrylic acids.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Buddhist Studies
Buddhist studies, also known as Buddhology (although the latter term is sometimes reserved for the study of Buddhas rather than that of Buddhism as a whole), is the academic study of Buddhism. The term applies especially to the modern academic field, which is a subset of religious studies, and is distinct from Buddhist philosophy or Buddhist theology. Scholars of Buddhist studies represent a variety of disciplines including history, anthropology, and philosophy. In contrast to the study of Judaism or Christianity, the field of Buddhist studies has been dominated by "outsiders" to Buddhist cultures and traditions. However, Japan ese universities have also made major contributions, as have Asian immigrants to Western countries, and Western converts to Buddhism.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Contract Management
Contract management or contract administration is the management of contracts made with customers, vendors, partners, or employees. Contract management includes negotiating the terms and conditions in contracts and ensuring compliance with the terms and conditions, as well as documenting and agreeing on any changes or amendments that may arise during its implementation or execution. It can be summarized as the process of systematically and efficiently managing contract creation, execution, and analysis for the purpose of maximizing financial and operational performance and minimizing risk. Common commercial contracts include purchase orders, sales invoices, utility contracts, letters of engagement for the appointment of consultants and professionals, and construction contracts. Complex contracts are often necessary for construction projects, goods or services that are highly regulated, goods or services with detailed technical specifications, intellectual property (IP) agreements, outsourcing and international trade. Most larger contracts require the effective use of contract management software to aid administration among multiple parties. A study published in 2007 found that for "42% of enterprises ... the top driver for improvements in the management of contracts [was] the pressure to better assess and mitigate risks" and additionally, "nearly 65% of enterprises report that contract lifecycle management (CLM) has improved exposure to financial and legal risk".
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Development of Resin Infiltration
The resin infiltration (RI) technique was introduced as one of the minimal intervention dentistry strategies in addressing dental caries among the paediatric population. This technique used the low-viscosity resin monomer to infiltrate the non-cavitated carious lesion and other developmental enamel porosities, thus allowing the conservation of the tooth structure.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Impacts of COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused widespread morbidity and mortality since its emergence. The COVID-19 pandemic has become widespread and known as a pathology of the respiratory system, affecting the ciliary epithelium at an early stage. In severe cases, COVID-19 can lead to development of lung disease: acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A variety of extrapulmonary symptoms may also occur, including acute renal failure (AKI); acute heart failure; coagulopathy; thromboembolic complications, including stroke and pulmonary embolism; and circulatory shock. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus remains a global public health concern due to the systemic nature of the infection and its long-term consequences, many of which remain to be elucidated. SARS-CoV-2 targets endothelial cells and blood vessels, altering the tissue microenvironment, its secretion, immune-cell subpopulations, the extracellular matrix, and the molecular composition and mechanical properties.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Role of Metaverse in Education
The potential of the metaverse as a tool to connect people has been increasingly recognized. The opportunities offered by the metaverse seem enormous in many sectors and fields of application. The metaverse presents a promising opportunity for educational innovation, particularly in fields that require hands on experience and practical training.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Androgen Receptor in Lung Cancer
The androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in many cell types, and its related signaling is widely investigated in hormone-dependent cancers such as prostate and breast. The significance of the AR, however, has been detected even in other cancers, including gastric, bladder, kidney, lung, hepatic, and pancreatic, in which growth and spreading are not strictly or notoriously dependent on sex steroid hormone action. 
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Social Robots for the Therapy of Communication Disorders
There has been a growing interest in the use of innovative technology in Speech and Language Therapy (SLT). Socially Assistive Robots (SARs) have drawn significant attention in the field of speech and language therapy. While initial results have been promising, further exploration is needed to fully understand the potential and usefulness of SARs in the SLT. It has been observed that the robots provide effective and engaging therapy experiences for children and adolescents with different communication disorders. 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Antibody–Drug Conjugate for Cancer Treatment
Cancer, also known as malignant tumour or neoplasm, is a leading cause of death worldwide. One distinct feature from normal cells is that cancerous cells often overexpress protein on the cell membrane—for instance, the overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. The expression of a specific protein on the cancerous cell surface acts as a marker that differentiates the normal cell and facilitates the recognition of cancerous cells. An emerging anticancer treatment, Antibody–Drug Conjugates (ADCs), utilises this unique feature to kill cancerous cells. ADCs consist of an antibody linked with a cytotoxic payload, mainly targeting the antigen found on cancerous cells. This design can increase the specificity in delivering the cytotoxin to the drug target, thus increasing the drug efficacy and reducing the side effect of cancer treatment due to off-target toxicities. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal heat have a widespread diffusion as they are able to deliver relatively higher energy output than other systems for building air-conditioning. The exploitation of low-enthalpy geothermal energy, however, presents crucial sustainability issues. 
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Institution
In the realm of social sciences, an institution refers to a formal and enduring structure or mechanism within a society that organizes, regulates, and shapes various aspects of human behavior, interactions, and activities. Institutions can encompass a broad spectrum, including legal systems, educational establishments, economic frameworks, and cultural norms, serving as fundamental pillars that contribute to the stability and functioning of a society.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Photonic Crystals-based Plasmonic Photocatalysts
Plasmonic photocatalysts, noble-metal (NM)-modified wide-bandgap semiconductors with activity under visible-light (vis) irradiation, due to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), have been intensively investigated over the last few years as efficient materials for environmental purification and energy conversion. However, the low quantum yields of photocatalytic reactions under vis irradiation, resulting from fast charge carriers' recombination, must be overcome for possible commercialization. Accordingly, the morphology design of plasmonic photocatalysts for efficient light harvesting has been proposed by using wide-bandgap semiconductors in the form of photonic crystals (PCs). 
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Klinefelter Syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosomal condition in boys and men that can affect physical and intellectual development.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Chloroplast Trans-Splicing RNA–Protein Supercomplex
In eukaryotes, RNA trans-splicing is a significant RNA modification process for the end-to-end li-gation of exons from separately transcribed primary transcripts to generate mature mRNA. So far, three different categories of RNA trans-splicing have been found in organisms within a diverse range.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Mar 2021
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