Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Black Coral Distribution in Italian
The aim of this entry is to present a review of the knowledge on the occurrence of black corals in the Italian seas, providing the first comprehensive distribution map of these species. The distribution of black corals may be considered the first step towards defining a more complete overview regarding the present knowledge on these vulnerable species. This study also highlights the need for the conservation programs protecting black corals in the Italian seas.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
ROS in Cancer Progression
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in biological processes and continuous ROS production in normal cells is controlled by the appropriate regulation between the silver lining of low and high ROS concentration mediated effects. Interestingly, ROS also dynamically influences the tumor microenvironment and is known to initiate cancer angiogenesis, metastasis, and survival at different concentrations. At moderate concentration, ROS activates the cancer cell survival signaling cascade involving mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (MAPK/ERK1/2), p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/ protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), which in turn activate the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). At high concentrations, ROS can cause cancer cell apoptosis. Hence, it critically depends upon the ROS levels, to either augment tumorigenesis or lead to apoptosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Anthropogenic Disturbance on Vegetation Dynamics
Irresponsible human interventions, encroachment of natural habitats, and climate change negatively affect wildlife. In this study, the effects of human influence on Wadi Hagul, an unprotected area in the north of the Egyptian Eastern Desert that has recently been subjected to blatant encroachments of vegetation, were studied. The most important of these threats is the construction of the new road Al-Galala–Wadi Hagul–Zafarana. In Wadi Hagul, 80 species are reported in this study; the most represented plant families are Asteraceae (15 species) and Brassicaceae (6 species). Perennial, chamaephyte and Saharo-Arabian species were recorded in the highest percentage. Detrended canonical correspondence analysis showed that latitude, longitude, altitude, silt, sand contents, pH, and CO32− content are the factors that have the highest effect on vegetation distribution in the studied stands. Several invasive and alien species such as Euphorbia prostrata have been listed; these species typically have a negative effect on native species. The Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) indicated a decrease in plant cover during the study period, as compared to previous years. In 2013 and 2020, SAVI ranged from −0.02 to 0.42 and from −0.18 to 0.28, respectively. Recently, the violation and destruction of wildlife have increased, therefore, preserving it along with general biodiversity has become an urgent necessity.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies in COVID-19
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are one of the emerging therapeutic agents efficacious for treating infectious diseases such as COVID-19. They are one of the fastest-growing pharmaceuticals and are considered to be highly specific in their action. MAbs are lab-grown antibodies that specifically target the pathogen, causing its destruction immediately.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Dragonfly Algorithm and Its Hybrids: A Survey
Optimization algorithms are essential for numerous optimization applications where usually certain parameters are minimized or maximized by considering an objective function. These algorithms include exact methods and heuristic algorithms such as swarm intelligence algorithms. Swarm intelligence is a discipline which makes use of a number of agents, thereby forming a population in which individuals interact among themselves and with their environment, to give rise to a global intelligent behavior. The Dragonfly Algorithm (DA) is a swarm intelligence algorithm that was proposed in 2016, and it is inspired by the behavior of dragonflies in nature. It has been found to have a higher performance than some of the most popular evolutionary algorithms, such as the genetic algorithm (GA), and swarm intelligence algorithms such as particle swarm optimization (PSO). Owing to its high effectiveness and efficiency, it has been utilized in multifarious applications and attempts to further improve its performance have been made and hence a number of hybrids of DA have been proposed.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Microalgae Wastewater Treatment
The use of microalgae is being extended to different fields of application and technologies, such as food, animal feed, and production of valuable polymers. Additionally, there is interest in using microalgae for removal of nutrients from wastewater. Wastewater treatment with microalgae allows for a reduction in the main chemicals responsible for eutrophication (nitrogen and phosphate), the reduction of organic substrates (by decreasing parameters such as BOD and COD) and the removal of other substances such as heavy metals and pharmaceuticals.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Mismanaged Plastics and Measures for Mitigation
The mismanagement of plastic materials has grown to become a mounting global pollution concern that is closely implicated in unsustainable production and consumption paradigms. The ecological, social, and economic impacts of plastic waste mismanagement are currently transboundary in nature and have necessitated numerous methods of government intervention in order to address and mitigate the globalized and multifaceted dilemmas posed by high rates and volumes of plastic waste generation.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
MECP2-Related Disorders in Males
Methyl CpG binding protein 2 ( MECP2 ) is an unstructured protein that can adopt local secondary structures when binding to other molecules, which explains its involvement in multiple molecular interactions and thereby, functions. Thus, MECP2 is a multifunctional gene that acts as a transcriptional regulator (both activating and repressing) and a chromatin remodeler; it also interacts with the RNA splicing machinery and with microRNA processing machinery, among others. Post-translational modifications are also implicated in regulating its activity and interactions with other proteins.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Disaster Risk Governance in Croatia
Risk governance is mostly viewed through the lens of disaster or emergency management departments, agencies, or organizations. Visible in times of crises, risk governance is rarely seen as part of everyday public or private functions such as planning, social welfare, investments, or fiscal responsibilities. So far, Croatian disaster risk governance was mainly oriented towards disaster response (a military approach), which is based on a decades-old regulatory framework, as was elaborated thoroughly in the previous work. Nevertheless, Croatia has just recently (within the last few years) started switching its focus from disaster risk preparedness to disaster risk management with the introduction of the Homeland Security System Act. While mainly oriented towards disaster response, in general, the Croatian disaster risk management system (regulatory framework) recognizes only two areas of disaster risk management: prevention and response. Therefore, the Croatian disaster risk management system can hardly be fully valorized through the objectives of the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Effects of Ions in the Physiological Environments
Studies have shown that metallic ions like Ag+, Sr2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, P+5, etc., have shown promising results in drug delivery systems and regenerative medicine. These metallic ions can be loaded in nanoparticles, mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGNs), hydroxyapatite (HA), calcium phosphates, polymeric coatings, and salt solutions. The metallic ions can exhibit different functions in the physiological environment such as antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, bioactive, biocompatible, and angiogenic effects. Furthermore, the metals/metalloid ions can be loaded into scaffolds to improve osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, bone development, fibroblast growth, and improved wound healing efficacy. Moreover, different ions possess different therapeutic limits.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Human Cardiac Muscle Patches in Cardiac Tissue Engineering
Tissue engineering has paved the way for the development of artificial human cardiac muscle patches (hCMPs) and cardiac tissue analogs, especially for treating Myocardial infarction (MI), often by increasing its regenerative abilities.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Multisource Fusion UAV Cluster Cooperative Positioning
Due to the functional limitations of a single UAV, UAV clusters have become an important part of smart cities, and the relative positioning between UAVs is the core difficulty in UAV cluster applications. Existing UAVs can be equipped with satellite navigation, radio navigation, and other positioning equipment, but in complex environments, such as urban canyons, various navigation sources cannot achieve full positioning information due to occlusion, interference, and other factors, and existing positioning fusion methods cannot meet the requirements of these environments. Therefore, demand exists for the real-time positioning of UAV clusters. Aiming to solve the above problems, multisource fusion UAV cluster cooperative positioning using information geometry (UCP-IG), which converts various types of navigation source information into information geometric probability models and reduces the impact of accidental errors is proposed, and the Kullback–Leibler divergence minimization (KLM) fusion method to achieve rapid fusion on geometric manifolds and creatively solve the problem of difficult fusion caused by different positioning information formats and parameters is presented.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Features of Nucleic Acid Vaccines
Gene immunization comprises mRNA and DNA vaccines, which stand out due to their simple design, maintenance, and high efficacy. Several studies indicate promising results in preclinical and clinical trials regarding immunization against ebola, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, and human papillomavirus (HPV). The efficiency of nucleic acid vaccines has been highlighted in the fight against COVID-19 with unprecedented approval of their use in humans. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Occurrences of Endotoxin in Agriculture
Agricultural operations and the processing sector generate dust laden with endotoxin in the workplace. Endotoxin, a pro-inflammatory agent, has adverse effects on health, especially in the lungs, as exposure to endotoxin reduces lung function capacity. Endotoxin exposure to workers and its harmful impact on the health of agricultural workers needs to be studied in detail for future interventions to reduce exposure to endotoxin.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Animal Models of Autism
Over the past, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders has progressively increased, however, no clear diagnostic markers and specifically targeted medications for autism have emerged. As a result, neurobehavioral abnormalities, neurobiological alterations in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and the development of novel ASD pharmacological therapy necessitate multidisciplinary collaboration.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Marine Polyphenols Involved in Neuroprotective Activity
Polyphenols are beneficial natural compounds with antioxidant properties that have recently gain a lot of interest for their potential therapeutic applications. Marine polyphenols derived from marine macroalgae have been discovered to possess interesting antioxidant properties; therefore, these compounds can be included in several areas of drug development.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Bio-Preservation of Meat by Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains
Meat and some meat products are highly perishable due to their high-water content, pH, and high content of nutrients. Therefore, spoilage control in these products is one of the critical challenges in the food industry. On the other hand, the increasing widespread awareness about the undesirable effects of synthetic preservatives has promoted the breakthrough of the use of natural compounds or bio-preservation technology. Bio-preservation implies the application of microorganisms or their metabolites to extend the shelf life of food products. In this regard, according to the ancient and safe use of fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), their application in the bio-preservation of meat and meat products is gaining more attention.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
3D Photorealistic Human Body Modelling and Reconstruction Techniques
The continuous evolution of video technologies is now primarily focused on enhancing 3D video paradigms and consistently improving their quality, realism, and level of immersion. Both the research community and the industry work towards improving 3D content representation, compression, and transmission. Their collective efforts culminate in the striving for real-time transfer of volumetric data between distant locations, laying the foundation for holographic-type communication (HTC). 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Contribution of Lactate Metabolism in Cancer Progress
The Warburg effect describes a unique phenomenon that cancers incline to shift the mode of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis in spite of abundant oxygen. Lactate is the main production of glycolysis, which contains two isomers, L-lactate and D-lactate. The accumulation of high lactate in solid tumors and its extracellular environment is considered as the key and early evidence of malignant development, which is associated with a poor prognosis. Lactate reprograms the tumor microenvironment (TME) to have profound effects on cancer cell phenotype and is conducive to the progress of cancer that involves the eight biological capabilities acquired of cancer: sustaining cell proliferation, promoting growth, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, reprogramming energy metabolism, and evading immune destruction. Lactate’s contribution to cancer is not only the respiratory fuel but also the regulator of intracellular and extracellular molecular signaling in the TME.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemical Lithium Recovery System
Various lithium recovery technologies have been developed as securing lithium resources has become increasingly important. Among these technologies, the electrochemical lithium recovery (ELR) system is a rapid and eco-friendly extraction method that has been studied recently. In this study, an ELR system using a spinel-type LiMn2O4 (LMO) is briefly reviewed. As LMO electrodes have high Li+ selectivity and stability compared to other lithium battery cathodes, they have been widely used as positive electrodes for the ELR system. 
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Dec 2020
  • Page
  • of
  • 2729
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback