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Topic Review
Dendritic Cell Subsets
Dendritic cells (DCs) constitute a complex network of cell subsets with common functions but also with many divergent aspects. All dendritic cell subsets share the ability to prime T cell response and to undergo a complex trafficking program related to their stage of maturation and function. For these reasons, dendritic cells are implicated in a large variety of both protective and detrimental immune responses, including a crucial role in promoting anti-tumor responses. Although cDC1s are the most potent subset in tumor antigen cross-presentation, they are not sufficient to induce full-strength anti-tumor cytotoxic T cell response and need close interaction and cooperativity with the other dendritic cell subsets, namely cDC2s and pDCs. Here, the functional role of dendritic cell subsets in suppressing tumor growth is discussed. Understanding the specificity of dendritic cell subsets will allow to gain insights on role of these cells in pathological conditions and to design new selective promising therapeutic approaches.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Zinc Finger and BTB Domain-Containing 20 in Cancers
Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing 20 (ZBTB20), which was initially identified in human dendritic cells, belongs to a family of transcription factors (TFs) with an N-terminal BTB domain and one or more C-terminal DNA-binding zinc finger domains. Under physiological conditions, ZBTB20 acts as a transcriptional repressor in cellular development and differentiation, metabolism, and innate immunity. Interestingly, multiple lines of evidence from mice and human systems have revealed the importance of ZBTB20 in the pathogenesis and development of cancers. ZBTB20 is not only a hotspot of genetic variation or fusion in many types of human cancers, but also a key TF or intermediator involving in the dysregulation of cancer cells. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Immune Cells and Cytokine in Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury
Acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP), a commonly used antipyretic analgesic, is becoming increasingly toxic to the liver, resulting in a high rate of acute hepatic failure in Europe and the United States. Excessive APAP metabolism in the liver develops an APAP–protein adduct, which causes oxidative stress, MPTP opening, and hepatic necrosis. HMGB-1, HSP, nDNA, mtDNA, uric acid, and ATP are DMAPs released during hepatic necrosis. DMAPs attach to TLR4-expressing immune cells such KCs, macrophages, and NK cells, activating them and causing them to secrete cytokines. Immune cells and their secreted cytokines have been demonstrated to have a dual function in acetaminophen-induced liver injury (AILI), with a role in either proinflammation or pro-regeneration, resulting in contradicting findings and some research confusion. Neutrophils, KCs, MoMFs, NK/NKT cells, γδT cells, DCs, and inflammasomes have pivotal roles in AILI.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Neoantigen-Reactive T Cells
Neoantigens are mutated proteins that arise from tumor-specific mutations.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Lipids in Macrophages of Different Tissue Location
Lipid metabolism is the major intracellular mechanism driving a variety of cellular functions such as energy storage, hormone regulation and cell division. Lipids, being a primary component of the cell membrane, play a pivotal role in the survival of macrophages. Lipids are crucial for a variety of macrophage functions including phagocytosis, energy balance and ageing. Lipid-loaded macrophages have recently been emerging as a hallmark for several diseases.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Tripartite Motif Family
The tripartite motif (TRIM) family comprises at least 80 members in humans, with most having ubiquitin or SUMO E3 ligase activity conferred by their N-terminal RING domain. TRIMs regulate a wide range of processes in ubiquitination- or sumoylation-dependent manners in most cases, and fewer as adaptors. Their roles in the regulation of viral infections, autophagy, cell cycle progression, DNA damage and other stress responses, and carcinogenesis are being increasingly appreciated, and their E3 ligase activities are attractive targets for developing specific immunotherapeutic strategies for immune diseases and cancers.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Dendritic Cell Extracellular Vesicles
Dendritic cells have a central role in starting and regulating immune functions in anticancer responses. The crosstalk of dendritic cells with tumors and other immune cell subsets is partly mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by both cell types and is multidirectional. In the case of dendritic cell EVs, the presence of stimulatory molecules and their ability to promote tumor antigen-specific responses, have raised interest in their uses as therapeutics vehicles.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Complement System in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia characterized by problems with short-term memory, cognition, and difficulties with activities of daily living. It is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder. The complement system is an ancient part of the innate immune system and comprises of more than thirty serum and membrane-bound proteins. This system has three different activating pathways and culminates into the formation of a membrane attack complex that ultimately causes target cell lysis (usually pathogens) The complement system is involved in several important functions in the central nervous system (CNS) that include neurogenesis, synaptic pruning, apoptosis, and neuronal plasticity.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
TNBS-Induced Colitis in Brief
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a group of chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. To advance our understanding of IBD pathogenesis and develop effective treatments, reliable experimental models are essential. Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis is one such model that has significantly contributed to our comprehension of mucosal immune responses and potential therapeutic interventions. This research explores the utility of the TNBS-induced colitis model, encompassing its methods of induction, histopathological features, immune responses, and applications in drug development. While this model offers valuable insights into IBD, it presents certain limitations that researchers must consider. By providing an in-depth analysis of TNBS-induced colitis, this research highlights its significance in advancing IBD research and the quest for improved therapies.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Research of Coronavirus
The term “coronaviruses” was coined in 1968. The term was derived from the Greek word κορώνα, meaning crown for the entire group. However, in our century, researchers have encountered highly pathogenic CoVs such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, causing outbreaks that had originally been initiated in China in 2003 and Saudi Arabia in 2012, respectively. The outbreak soon spread to other countries causing horrible morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 is the third CoV outbreak recorded in the history of human beings. This novel strain of coronavirus (SAR-CoV-2) was first detected in Wuhan in 2019, a city in the Hubei province of China, and has now spread to around 200 countries.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
The RadScopal Technique to Treat Cancer
The RadScopalTM technique is an innovative treatment approach that combines high-dose radiotherapy (H-XRT) directed to a primary tumor with low-dose radiotherapy (L-XRT) applied to secondary tumor(s) in patients currently undergoing or who have progressed on immunotherapy. The goal of this approach is to turn the primary tumor microenvironment (TME) into an in-situ vaccine that primes T-cells, while modulating the tumor stroma of secondary/metastatic lesions to enhance the infiltration and antitumor functions of effector immune cells. Furthermore, L-XRT is capable of reducing TGF-β levels and polarizing macrophages from M2 to M1 phenotype, thereby counteracting disadvantages that may be induced by H-XRT.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Training vs. Tolerance of the Innate Immune System
Trained immunity represents a functional state of the innate immune cells and tissue-resident stem cells adjusting their response to subsequent insults, characterized particularly by a prolonged activation after a resting period, orchestrated mainly by epigenetic reprogramming and the metabolic rewiring of cells. It describes a property of innate immune system to mount memory-like responses against past microbial and non-microbial challenges. In contrast, the refractory state of endotoxin tolerance as opposing reaction of trained immunity has been extensively elaborated and defined as an immunosuppressive state of myeloid cells portrayed by a significant reduction in the inflammatory capacity. Both opposing adaptive reactions of the innate immune system are of fundamental interest since they may represent a double-edged sword counteracting each other, protecting or driving the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory diseases. 
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Dendritic Cells and Allergic Asthma
Here we describe the pathophysiology of type II allergic asthma and the role that dendritic cells (DCs) play in the instruction of allergen specific, T-cell mediated immune responses. Moreover, we provide an overview of our current understanding pertinent to DCs that acquire tolerogenic properties and thus represent essential regulators of aberrant Th2 asthmatic responses.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Neutrophils during Arboviral Infections
Arboviruses are known to cause large-scale epidemics in many parts of the world. These arthropod-borne viruses are a large group consisting of viruses from a wide range of families. The ability of their vector to enhance viral pathogenesis and transmission makes the development of treatments against these viruses challenging. Neutrophils are generally the first leukocytes to be recruited to a site of infection, playing a major role in regulating inflammation and, as a result, viral replication and dissemination. However, the underlying mechanisms through which neutrophils control the progression of inflammation and disease remain to be fully understood. In this review, we highlight the major findings from recent years regarding the role of neutrophils during arboviral infections. We discuss the complex nature of neutrophils in mediating not only protection, but also augmenting disease pathology. Better understanding of neutrophil pathways involved in effective protection against arboviral infections can help identify potential targets for therapeutics. 
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Mast Cells in Allergy/Inflammation Regulation
It is well known that mast cells (MCs) initiate type I allergic reactions and inflammation in a quick response to the various stimulants, including—but not limited to—allergens, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). MCs highly express receptors of these ligands and proteases (e.g., tryptase, chymase) and cytokines (TNF), and other granular components (e.g., histamine and serotonin) and aggravate the allergic reaction and inflammation. On the other hand, accumulated evidence has revealed that MCs also possess immune-regulatory functions, suppressing chronic inflammation and allergic reactions on some occasions. IL-2 and IL-10 released from MCs inhibit excessive immune responses. 
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
T Cell Immunotherapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease associated with various alterations in T cell phenotype and function leading to an abnormal cell population, ultimately leading to immune exhaustion. However, restoration of T cell function allows for the execution of cytotoxic mechanisms against leukemic cells in AML patients. Therefore, long-term disease control, which requires multiple therapeutic approaches, includes those aimed at the re-establishment of cytotoxic T cell activity. AML treatments that harness the power of T lymphocytes against tumor cells have rapidly evolved over the last 3 to 5 years through various stages of preclinical and clinical development. These include tissue-infiltrated lymphocytes (TILs), bispecific antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, and tumor-specific T cell receptor gene-transduced T (TCR-T) cells.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Manipulating Microbiota to Treat Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a globally prevalent skin inflammation with a particular impact on children. Current therapies for AD are challenged by the limited armamentarium and the high heterogeneity of the disease. Thus, radically different approaches are needed to address a significant unmet need in AD patients. A novel promising therapeutic target for AD is the microbiota.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Germinal Centers in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation, affecting approximately 1% of the general population. To alleviate symptoms and ameliorate joint damage, chronic use of immunosuppressives is needed. However, these treatments are only partially effective and may lead to unwanted side effects. Therefore, a more profound understanding of the pathophysiology might lead to more effective therapies, or better still, a cure.  The presence of autoantibodies in RA indicates that B-cells might have a pivotal role in the disease. This concept is further supported by the fact that a diverse antibody response to various arthritis related epitopes is associated with arthritis development. In this context, attention has focused in recent years on the role of Germinal Centers (GCs) in RA. Since GCs act as the main anatomic location of somatic hypermutations, and thus contribute to the diversity and specificity of (auto) antibodies, it has been speculated that defects in germinal center reactions might be crucial in the initiation and maintenance of auto-immune events.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Immunomodulation in Pancreatic Cancer
The majority of pancreatic cancer patients have a poor prognosis, where the five-year survival rate is 9% in the United States, with an increasing incidence rate of 1.03% per year. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive form of pancreatic cancer that makes up 90% of all diagnosed cases of pancreatic cancer. Other types of pancreatic cancer, such as neuroendocrine tumors, which secrete insulin, or acinar carcinomas, which release digestive enzymes, are less common. PDAC develops from neoplasms of the cells lining the pancreatic ducts and usually presents without symptoms until advanced stages of the disease. Here we discuss strategies for immunomodulation of pancreatic cancer.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Vaccines, Microbiota and Immunonutrition
Vaccination represents one of the most crucial achievements in the history of medicine, a turning point in the fight against infectious diseases. A key factor in modulating the immune system, both in its adaptive and innate components, is the microbiota. While microbiota can be modulated in different ways (i.e., antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics), an effective and somewhat obvious mechanism is via nutrition. The science of nutrients and their therapeutic application is called immunonutrition, and it is increasingly being considered in several conditions.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Mar 2022
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