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Topic Review
Machine Learning in Agriculture
Big Data and ML have appeared as high-performance informatics technologies for creating new opportunities to unravel, quantify and understand data-intensive processes in the environment of farm operations
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Journal Acoustics
Acoustics (ISSN 2624-599X) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal of acoustics science and engineering published quarterly online by MDPI. It is indexed by the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) in Web of Science. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision provided to authors approximately 11.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2020).
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has made an invaluable contribution to the field of regenerative medicine, paving way for identifying the true potential of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). iPSCs have been widely used in cardiac disease modelling, studying inherited arrhythmias, neural disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, liver disease, and spinal cord injury. Extensive research around identifying factors that are involved in maintaining the identity of ESCs during induction of pluripotency in somatic cells is undertaken. 
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Energy Management Systems for Microgrids
Energy Management Systems (EMS) play a key role in the operation of a microgrids (MGs). In this context, this article presents both an extensive literature review and a qualitative and quantitative study to establish the main trends in the field of centralized EMS for MGs. EMS attributes for several features such as objective functions, resolution techniques, operating models, integration of uncertainties, optimization horizons, and modeling detail levels are considered for main trend identification. The main contribution of this study is the identification of four specific existing research trends: (i) dealing with uncertainties (comprises 33% of the references), (ii) multi-objective strategy (29%), (iii) traditional paradigm (21%), and (iv) P-Q challenge (17%). Each trend is described and analyzed based on the main drive of these separate research fields. The key challenges and the way to cope with them are described based on the rationality of each trend, the results of previous reviews, and the previous experience of the authors. Overall, finding these main trends, together with a complete paper database and their features, serve as a useful outcome for a better understanding of the current research-specific challenges, opportunities, potential barriers, and open questions regarding the creation of future centralized EMS developments.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Mental Health of Self-Employed
We included 26 (three longitudinal and 23 cross-sectional) population-based studies of good quality, with data from 3,128,877 participants in total. A Swedish national register evaluation with 25 years follow-up, showed a higher incidence of mental illness among the self-employed compared to white-collar workers, but a lower incidence compared to blue-collar workers. In the second longitudinal study from Sweden the self-employed had a lower incidence of mental illness compared to both blue- and white-collar workers over 15 years, whereas the third longitudinal study (South Korea) did not find a difference regarding the incidence of depressive symptoms over 6 years. A higher prevalence of mental disorders among the self-employed compared to employees was true for the Asian and older European cross-sectional studies. However, most of the European cross-sectional studies from the last decade found lower or similar prevalence estimates among the self-employed. The majority of the American and Australian cross-sectional studies found a similar prevalence of mental disorders among the self-employed and the employees.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Ionic-Liquid-Based Materials for Protein-related Applications
Supported ionic liquids (SILs) have been investigated as alternative supports for enzymes in biocatalysis and as new supports in preparative liquid chromatography for the purification of high-value proteins and enzymes. SILs are materials in which ionic liquids are introduced to modify the surface and properties of materials, e.g. as ligands covalently bond or physiosorbed.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Potential of Sunflower-Legume Intercropping
The ongoing climate change, coupled with the transformations of cultivation practices and land use in sole crop production, may cause a significant decline in sunflower yield stability. Considering that the sunflower is the third oilseed in the world oilseed market, with 45 million tons of grain per year, and that it takes the fourth position in the vegetable oil market, the implementation of sustainable growing technology in sunflower production is a necessity. Considering the above, the goal of the research was to analyze and recommend sustainable sunflower production technology in intercropping systems. A four-year trial was conducted in Serbia’s agroecological conditions (45∘34′23.2'' N 19∘86′18.9'' E) using a split-plot design. Two oil-type hybrids and one confectionary-type hybrid were intercropped with common vetch, red clover, and alfalfa. Common vetch × sunflower intercropping resulted in the decrease in almost all sunflower traits. Moreover, sunflower × alfalfa intercropping proved to be the most appropriate. The yield of NS Gricko and Rimi PR were statistically on the same level with sole cropping, while alfalfa biomass had better results after alfalfa was intercropped with NS Gricko, as compared to sole cropping. In view of the prevailing belief that yields are more stable in intercropping than in sole cropping, further research is needed in this respect, in addition to further research of the time and method of sowing.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
DICER1 in Thyroid Manifestations
DICER1 protein is a member of the ribonuclease (RNAse) III family with a key role in the biogenesis of microRNAs (miRNA) and in microRNA processing, potentially affecting gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level. The role of DICER1 and its relevance to thyroid cellular processes and tumorigenesis have only recently been explored, following the acknowledgement that DICER1 germline and somatic changes can contribute not only to non-toxic multinodule goiter (MNG) lesions detected in individuals of affected families but also to a series of childhood tumours, including thyroid neoplasms, which can be identified from early infancy up until the decade of 40s.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Polysaccharides in Agro-Industrial Biomass Residues
The use of waste biomass to produce biopolymers and nutricosmetic or pharmacological materials is increasing, although still scarcely compared to its great potential, employment, and valorization. Organic waste biomass is a great source of natural polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitin, hyaluronic acid, inulin, and pectin. Biomass from the agricultural sectors is a relevant part of waste generation and commonly comprises leaves, roots, stalks, bark, bagasse, seeds, straw, wood, animal parts, crustacean shells, and others. Polysaccharides are the most abundant biological materials on the planet. This natural abundance contributes to the discovery of their novel applications. Their industrial use is still very modest considering their versatility and great potential, although it has recently seen significant increases.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mucosal Immune Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus with a genome comprising 10 genes encoding 11 proteins. While RSV triggers common cold symptoms in healthy adults, it poses a much greater threat to infants and the elderly. A fresh focus on studies of RSV pathogenesis in the airway mucosa is set to revolutionise our understanding of this common and important infection.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Atherothrombosis
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), small lipid-bilayer membrane vesicles released by most cellular types, exert pivotal and multifaceted roles in physiology and disease. Emerging evidence emphasizes the importance of EVs in intercellular communication processes with key effects on cell survival, endothelial homeostasis, inflammation, neoangiogenesis, and thrombosis. The following content focuses on EVs as effective signaling molecules able to both derail vascular homeostasis and induce vascular dysfunction, inflammation, plaque progression, and thrombus formation as well as drive anti-inflammation, vascular repair, and atheroprotection.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Privacy-Preserving and Explainable AI
The industrial environment has gone through the fourth revolution, also called “Industry 4.0”, where the main aspect is digitalization. Each device employed in an industrial process is connected to a network called the industrial Internet of things (IIOT). With IIOT manufacturers being capable of tracking every device, it has become easier to prevent or quickly solve failures. Specifically, the large amount of available data has allowed the use of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to improve industrial applications in many ways (e.g., failure detection, process optimization, and abnormality detection).
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Adsorption Effect Modification of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) have high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mAh g−1) and high energy density (2600 Wh kg−1), and the cathode sulfur is low cost, abundant, and environmentally friendly. The “shuttle effect” refers to the phenomenon that Li2Sx (4 ≤ x ≤ 8) produced by the positive electrode diffuses to the negative electrode during the charging and discharging process, and is reduced to solid Li2S2/Li2S on the negative electrode surface and attached to the negative electrode.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Rapamycin Signaling at Muscle Fiber Fate in Sarcopenia
Sarcopenia, the age-related decline of muscle mass and strength/function is a major risk factor for disability and loss of independence in late life. Studies have shown that behavioral interventions (e.g., physical activity, adapted nutrition) reduce the rate of muscle wasting during aging. However, an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms driving age-related muscle loss has hampered the development of effective drugs to prevent or treat sarcopenia. Altered muscle protein metabolism is considered to be one of the main factors underlying the development and progression of sarcopenia. While basal rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and degradation (MPD) seem to be unaffected by age, the anabolic response to a variety of stimuli (e.g., exercise, nutrient ingestion) is blunted during aging. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator of muscle anabolic and catabolic pathways and, hence, a promising target for interventions against sarcopenia.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Drain Water Heat Recovery Applications in Domestic Conditions
The use of energy from waste can be a key means of reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and thus reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Waste energy can be a worthy alternative to conventional energy sources in construction.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Multi-Attribute Decision-Making Methods in Additive Manufacturing
Multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) refers to making preference decisions via assessing a finite number of pre-specified alternatives under multiple and usually conflicting attributes. Many problems in the field of additive manufacturing (AM) are essentially MADM problems or can be converted into MADM problems. 
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Design of Porphyrin-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks
Chemical modification and self-assembly of molecules as well as constructing porphyrin-based metal (covalent) organic frameworks are often used to improve its solar light utilization and electron transfer rate. Especially porphyrin-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) in which porphyrin molecules are connected by covalent bonds combine the structural advantages of organic frameworks with light-capturing properties of porphyrins and exhibit great potential in light-responsive materials. 
  • 1.4K
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Human Herpesviruses (HHVs)
Human herpesviruses (HHVs) are highly widespread among humans and therefore are among the pathogens most responsible for gestational infections. HHVs are classified into three subfamilies (alpha-, beta- and gammaherpesvirinae), and they are able to establish permanent latency within the host in specific cells. The alphaherpesvirinae family includes herpes simplex type-1 (HSV-1 or HHV-1), herpes simplex type-2 (HSV-2 or HHV-2) and varicella zoster virus (VZV or HHV-3). The betaherpesvirinae family includes cytomegalovirus (CMV or HHV-5), HHV-6A/B and HHV-7. The gammaherpesvirinae family consists of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV or HHV-4) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8).
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Metamaterial Perfect Absorbers for Controlling Bandwidth
Metamaterial absorbers have garnered significant interest due to their unique electromagnetic properties, which facilitate the efficient absorption of electromagnetic radiation in a specific frequency range or multiple frequency ranges. The metamaterial absorbers are designed based on artificially engineered structures that enable tailored absorption properties. These structures might include multiple resonances or incorporate electrical resistive components to achieve broadband absorption.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Border Disease Virus
Border disease virus (BDV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Interspecies transmission of BDV between sheep, cattle, and pigs occurs regularly, sometimes making diagnosis a challenge.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Jun 2021
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