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Topic Review
Saporin as a Commercial Reagent
Saporin is a ribosome-inactivating protein that can cause inhibition of protein synthesis and causes cell death when delivered inside a cell. Development of commercial Saporin results in a technology termed ‘molecular surgery’, with Saporin as the scalpel. Its low toxicity (it has no efficient method of cell entry) and sturdy structure make Saporin a safe and simple molecule for many purposes. The most popular applications use experimental molecules that deliver Saporin via an add-on targeting molecule. These add-ons come in several forms: peptides, protein ligands, antibodies, even DNA fragments that mimic cell-binding ligands. Cells that do not express the targeted cell surface marker will not be affected.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ketogenic Diet Metabolism and Its Physiological Effects
The ketogenic diet (KD), a low-carbohydrate and high-fat diet, has been widely prescribed in weight loss programs for metabolic abnormalities. Furthermore, research has investigated the effects of KD on the treatment of numerous diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer, due to its role in promoting ketolysis, ketogenesis, and modifying many other metabolic pathways with potential favorable health effects. 
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Helmy Eltoukhy
Helmy Eltoukhy is an American scientist and entrepreneur, best known for his contributions to genomics, semiconductor DNA sequencing, and personalized medicine. The co-founder of startups Avantome and Guardant Health, Eltoukhy was named to Time (magazine) ’s inaugural 50 Most Influential People in Healthcare (2018) and Fortune’s 40 under 40 (2017). Acquired by Illumina in 2008, Avantome was founded to develop and commercialize semiconductor-based DNA sequencing, during the race for the $1,000 genome. Guardant Health was founded to pioneer non-invasive liquid biopsy approaches for cancer diagnosis, monitoring, personalized medicine treatment, and research.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Drug Carriers for Arthritis Therapy
Drug carriers are used to penetrate the biological barriers and deliver the requisite active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). This has greater significance for medication in arthritis therapies because the inflammatory progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) is complex, intertwined, and influenced by one another. For this purpose, the drug delivery systems (DDS) of this carrier are currently being investigated with exogenous triggers and endogenous stimuli. This flexible-release invention will solve the problems of multiple implantations and local toxic accumulation at the lesion sites.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Biography
David W. Bates
David Bates (born June 5, 1957) is an American-born physician, biomedical informatician, and professor, who is internationally renowned for his work regarding the use of health information technology (HIT) to improve the safety and quality of healthcare, in particular by using Clinical Decision Support.[1] Dr. Bates has done especially important work in the area of medication safety. He began by
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Temperature Record of the Past 1000 Years
The temperature record of the past 1,000 years or longer is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 170 years at a global scale. Large-scale reconstructions covering part or all of the 1st millennium and 2nd millennium have shown that recent temperatures are exceptional: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report of 2007 concluded that "Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years." The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century. As of 2010 this broad pattern was supported by more than two dozen reconstructions, using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records, with variations in how flat the pre-20th-century "shaft" appears. Sparseness of proxy records results in considerable uncertainty for earlier periods. Individual proxy records, such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology, are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap. Networks of such records are used to reconstruct past temperatures for regions: tree ring proxies have been used to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere extratropical temperatures (within the tropics trees do not form rings) but are confined to land areas and are scarce in the Southern Hemisphere which is largely ocean. Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions, incorporating proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals which are found in different regions, and using statistical methods to relate these sparser proxies to the greater numbers of tree ring records. The "Composite Plus Scaling" (CPS) method is widely used for large-scale multiproxy reconstructions of hemispheric or global average temperatures; this is complemented by Climate Field Reconstruction (CFR) methods which show how climate patterns have developed over large spatial areas, making the reconstruction useful for investigating natural variability and long-term oscillations as well as for comparisons with patterns produced by climate models. During the 1,900 years before the 20th century, it is likely that the next warmest period was from 950 to 1100, with peaks at different times in different regions. This has been called the Medieval Warm Period, and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age. In the hockey stick controversy, contrarians have asserted that the Medieval Warm Period was warmer than at present, and have disputed the data and methods of climate reconstructions.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Biography
Maurice Bloch
Maurice Bloch (born 1939 in Caen, Calvados, France ) is a British anthropologist who trained at the London School of Economics and Cambridge University. Famous for his fieldwork on the shift of agriculturalists in Madagascar, Japan and other parts of the world. Also wrote important Neo-Marxian Work on power, history, kinship, and ritual. Maurice Bloch was born in Caen, Calvados, to Jewish par
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
STV Royston Grange
STV Royston Grange was a Houlder Line refrigerated cargo liner steamship that was built in England in 1959. In 1972 she collided with the tanker Tien Chee in the Río de la Plata. The resulting fire killed all 74 people aboard Royston Grange and eight people aboard Tien Chee. Royston Grange's burnt-out hulk was scrapped in Spain in 1979. Royston or Roystone Grange is an 18th-century farmstead next to the site of a medieval monastic grange at Ballidon in Derbyshire, England. Houlder Line had named ships after several English granges, including Royston, since the 1890s. This ship was the company's fifth and last Royston Grange.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
3D Bioprinting Techniques
Additive manufacturing, more often referred to as “3D printing,” is the method of fabricating three-dimensional objects by adding successive layers of materials at a regulated rate and thickness. These materials could be made of concrete, metals, ceramics, polymers, resins, biomaterials, or other substances. The dearth of variety in 3D-printable materials continues even though printing time, processing speed, and printing resolution have all increased. The compatibility and flowability of printing ink with the current printing procedures are crucial for developing fields such as the 3D printing of biomaterials, tissues, and high-viability cells.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Biography
André Jean Martin
André Jean Martin (Paris, 20 September 1929–Geneva, 11 November 2020[1][2]) was a French particle physicist who worked at CNRS and CERN. After studying at the École normale supérieure (class of 1949),[3] he began his career as a CNRS researcher under the direction of Maurice Lévy at the physics laboratory of the École Normale. He joined CERN in 1959 as a fellow in the Theory Division a
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Oxidative Catalytic Processes for APIs and Precursors Preparation
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be defined as those biological compounds used for the detection, prevention, and treatment of different types of diseases. Asymmetric oxidation processes have constituted a valuable tool for the synthesis of APIs, especially for the preparation of optically active sulfoxides, compounds with interesting biological properties. Biocatalyzed reactions usually occur with high efficiency, excellent selectivity, good yields, environmental sustainability, and lower costs, which make them more attractive from an industrial perspective. However, it must be taken into account that these procedures also present some drawbacks, such as the (relatively) high substrate specificity of biocatalysts or the low substrate loadings required due to their generally low solubility in water.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Coastal Morphodynamics
The shape of the coast and the processes that mold it change together as a complex system. There is constant feedback among the multiple components of the system, and when climate changes, all facets of the system change. Abrupt shifts to different states can also take place when certain tipping points are crossed. The coupling of rapid warming in the Arctic with melting sea ice is one example of positive feedback. Climate changes, particularly rising sea temperatures, are causing an increasing frequency of tropical storms and “compound events” such as storm surges combined with torrential rains. These events are superimposed on progressive rises in relative sea level and are anticipated to push many coastal morphodynamic systems to tipping points beyond which return to preexisting conditions is unlikely. 
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Methods of Manufacture of Lipid Nanoparticles
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have gained prominence as primary carriers for delivering a diverse array of therapeutic agents. Biological products have achieved a solid presence in clinical settings, and the anticipation of creating novel variants is increasing. These products predominantly encompass therapeutic proteins, nucleic acids and messenger RNA. The advancement of efficient LNP-based delivery systems for biologics that can overcome their limitations remains a highly favorable formulation strategy. 
  • 1.4K
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Narrow-striped Mongoose
The Narrow-striped Mongoose (Mungotictis decemlineata) is a small carnivorous mammal native to Madagascar. With its slender body, distinctive narrow stripes running along its back, and elongated snout, the Narrow-striped Mongoose is easily recognizable. It inhabits various forest habitats across Madagascar and is known for its elusive nature and solitary behavior.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
MATE
MATE (/ˈmɑːtɛ/) is a desktop environment composed of free and open-source software that runs on Linux, BSD, and illumos operating systems.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Evinacumab, an ANGPTL3 Inhibitor, in the Treatment of Dyslipidemia
Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) affects an average of 1 in 300,000 subjects. It is a very rare genetic disorder of lipoprotein metabolism. It is caused by mutations in both alleles of the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene and less often by mutations in APOB, the ligand for LDLR and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a protein that degrades LDLR.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Mimics of Leptomeningeal Disease
Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is commonly characterized as the metastatic involvement of various meningeal regions—the arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, and pia mater—defined as the leptomeningeal layer. LMD can stem from non-cancerous pathologies, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or meningitis with subsequent inflammation and infection, respectively. Clinically, the presentation of LMD includes non-specific, generalized neurological symptoms, such as headaches, confusion, seizures, and radiculopathy, among others.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Decent Work
Decent work (DW) has emerged as a growing paradigm for all, entailing fundamental principles and rights at work which can pervade all human resource management (HRM)practices. While studies on DW are generally examined on macro levels, such as social, economic, legal, and political, the rising emphasis to realize the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) No. 8 of the UN and highlight the importance of quality of employment.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Mechanism of NETosis
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are net-like structures released from neutrophils. NETs predominantly contain cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) decorated with histones and neutrophil granule proteins. Numerous extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli can induce the formation of NETs such as pathogens, cytokines, immune complexes, microcrystals, antibodies, and other physiological stimuli. The mechanism of NETosis induction can either be ROS-dependent or independent based on the catalase producing activity of the pathogen. NADPH is the source of ROS production, which in turn depends on the upregulation of Ca2+ production in the cytoplasm. ROS-independent induction of NETosis is regulated through toll-like receptors (TLRs). Besides capturing and eliminating pathogens, NETs also aggravate the inflammatory response and thus act as a double-edged sword.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Interactions between papillomavirus and tobacco
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is not a sufficient condition for cervical carcinogenesis. Tobacco smoke is a recognized cofactor. In this manuscript, we described the molecular mechanisms by which tobacco smoke affects the HPV role in cervical cancer. 
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Aug 2020
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