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Biography
John Desmond Bernal
John Desmond Bernal FRS (/bərˈnɑːl/; 10 May 1901 – 15 September 1971) was an Irish scientist who pioneered the use of X-ray crystallography in molecular biology. He published extensively on the history of science. In addition, Bernal was a political supporter of communism and wrote popular books on science and society. His family was Irish, of mixed Italian and Spanish/Portuguese[1] Se
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mirabegron Mechanism and Obesity
Obesity is a global epidemic issue that has greatly increased in importance in recent decades. Characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammation, it is associated with other comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), composed of multilocular lipid droplets, has high levels of mitochondria, causing an increase in thermogenesis and consequently in energy expenditure, due to its response to diet, exercise and cold stimuli. Considered a pharmacological treatment for overactive bladder (OAB), mirabegron is also categorized as a β(3)-adrenoceptor agonist, and is used in recommended doses of 25 mg and 50 mg.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Formation of All-Silk Composites and Time–Temperature Superposition
Extensive studies have been conducted on utilising natural fibres as reinforcement in composite production. All-polymer composites have attracted much attention because of their high strength, enhanced interfacial bonding and recyclability. Silks, as a group of natural animal fibres, possess superior properties, including biocompatibility, tunability and biodegradability. This makes them promising candidates for application as a new composite material. Understanding both the applications and fundamental behaviours of silk fibroin is essential. This can be achieved with techniques like time-temperature superposition to understand the effects of dissolution on raw silk fibres.
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  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Sleep-Related Dissociative States
Sleep is not only a whole-brain process but also a complex local phenomenon controlled by specific neurotransmitters that act in different neural networks, which is called “local sleep”. Moreover, the basic states of human consciousness - wakefulness, sleep onset (N1), light sleep (N2), deep sleep (N3), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep - can concurrently appear, which may result in different sleep-related dissociative states.
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  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Green Synthesis and Biomedical Application of Selenium Nanoparticles
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are extremely popular objects in nanotechnology. “Green” synthesis has special advantages due to the growing necessity for environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and low-cost methods. 
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics of Collagen
Collagen (CLG) is a structural protein composed of amino acids that create collagen fibers, characterized by exceptional strength and high elasticity. This protein is composed of three left-handed α polypeptides that wind around themselves and their axis to form a right-handed superhelix. Its structure varies depending on its functions and place of occurrence. CLG is one of the most important proteins in the human body because it is responsible for maintaining the appropriate structure of tissues and organs and constitutes as much as one-third of the total body protein mass. It occurs, among the main organs in the body that provide appropriate elasticity and strength. It is also an essential building block of the skin; without CLG, it would not be able to perform its functions properly.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Federated Learning
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained increasing attention in boosting the performance of conventional networks due to their small size, high efficiency, low cost, and autonomously nature. The amalgamation of UAVs with both distributed/collaborative Deep Learning (DL) algorithms, such as Federated Learning (FL), and Blockchain technology have ushered in a new paradigm of Secure Multi-Access Edge Computing (S-MEC). Indeed, FL enables UAV devices to leverage their sensed data to build local DL models. The latter are then sent to a central node, e.g., S-MEC node, for aggregation, in order to generate a global DL model. Therefore, FL enables UAV devices to collaborate during several FL rounds in generating a learning model, while avoiding to share their local data, and thus ensuring UAVs’ privacy.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Sinoatrial Node in Single-Cell RNA Sequencing
Normal cardiac automaticity is dependent on the pacemaker cells of the sinoatrial node (SAN). Insufficient cardiac pacemaking leads to the development of sick sinus syndrome (SSS). The development of more effective treatments for SSS, including biological pacemakers, requires further understanding of these genes and signaling pathways. Compared with genetic models and bulk RNA sequencing, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology promises to advance the understanding of cellular phenotype heterogeneity and molecular regulation during SAN development.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Friction Stir Welding of Polymers
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is one of the welding methods within the category of friction welding, as it uses the friction between the base material and the tool to generate the heat necessary to soften the material of the joint. The FSW process was developed, demonstrated and patented by “The Welding Institute (TWI)” in England for the first time by Thomas et al.. The principle of the conventional process is illustrated in, as well as its main variables.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Electrically Conductive and Thermally Conductive Lubricants
Electrically as well as thermally conductive lubricants have drawn considerable attention and are an emerging research topic because they have unique advantages and advanced lubrication performance over traditional lubricants such as corrosion protection and efficient heat dissipation. For instance, some components of electric vehicles (EVs) such as bearings, seals, pads and gears require conductive lubricants to avoid premature failure and electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems due to induced shaft voltages and currents.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Quantum Measurement
The Special State Theory of Quantum MeasurementL. S. Schulman1   There is only pure unitary time evolution in the special state theory of quantum measurement. In this, it resembles the Many Worlds Interpretation. Nevertheless, there is only one world. This is accomplished by means of “special states” and significant modification the arrow of time. Experimental tests are described, although they have yet to be done.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Keratin Biomembranes
Difficulties in obtaining human nails that are large enough for examining the penetration of drug formulations led to produce keratin films regenerated from human hair. The structure, surface morphology, chemical characterization and thermal stability of the films were characterized and were compared to those of human nail, hair and bovine hoof samples using SDS-electrophoresis, SEM, XRD, FTIR and TGA. The structure of the obtained films was found to be closer to human nails than to hair or bovine hooves. The keratin films were infected with Trichophyton rubrum and were proven to be appropriate for serving as a model for studying onychomycosis.
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  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
DHH Gene
Desert Hedgehog
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Delivery Systems for Nucleic Acids/Proteins
Gene therapy has been used as a potential approach to address the diagnosis and treatment of genetic diseases and inherited disorders. In this line, non-viral systems have been exploited as promising alternatives for delivering therapeutic transgenes and proteins. In this entry, we explored how biological barriers are effectively overcome by non-viral systems, usually nanoparticles, to reach an efficient delivery of cargoes.
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  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Visual pH Sensors
The pH sensors are gaining widespread attention as non-destructive tools, visible to the human eye, and are capable of real-time and in-situ response.
  • 1.4K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Aβ-Peptide Production and Conformational Behavior
Alzheimer’s disease  (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative disease in the world. Genetic evidence strongly suggests that aberrant generation, aggregation, and/or clearance of neurotoxic amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) triggers the disease. Aβ accumulates at the points of contact of neurons in ordered cords and fibrils, forming the so-called senile plaques. Aβ isoforms of different lengths are found in healthy human brains regardless of age and appear to play a role in signaling pathways in the brain and to have neuroprotective properties at low concentrations. This entry describes molecular mechanisms of amyloid-β precursor protein processing in AD.
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  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Polyphenols and Neuroprotection
Polyphenols are naturally occurring micronutrients that are present in many food sources. Besides being potent antioxidants, these molecules may also possess anti-inflammatory properties. Many studies have highlighted their potential role in the prevention and treatment of various pathological conditions connected to oxidative stress and inflammation (e.g., cancer, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders). Neurodegenerative diseases are globally one of the main causes of death and represent an enormous burden in terms of human suffering, social distress, and economic costs. Recent data expanded on the initial antioxidant-based mechanism of polyphenols’ action by showing that they are also able to modulate several cell-signaling pathways and mediators. The proposed benefits of polyphenols, either as protective/prophylactic substances or as therapeutic molecules, may be achieved by the consumption of a natural polyphenol-enriched diet, by their use as food supplements, or with formulations as pharmaceutical drugs/nutraceuticals.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Fiber-Based Thermoelectric Materials
Fiber-based thermoelectric materials and devices have the characteristics of light-weight, stability, and flexibility, which can be used in wearable electronics, attracting the wide attention of researchers.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Art of Material Jetting
Material jetting (MJ) technology is an additive manufacturing method that selectively cures liquid photopolymer to build functional parts.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Gut-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex behavioral syndrome that is characterized by speech and language disorders, intellectual impairment, learning and motor dysfunctions. Several genetic and environmental factors are suspected to affect the ASD phenotype including air pollution, exposure to pesticides, maternal infections, inflammatory conditions, dietary factors or consumption of antibiotics during pregnancy.  Many children with ASD shows abnormalities in gastrointestinal (GI) physiology, including increased intestinal permeability, overall microbiota alterations, and gut infection. Moreover, they are “picky eaters” and the existence of specific sensory patterns in ASD patients could represent one of the main aspects in hampering feeding. GI disorders are associated with an altered composition of the gut microbiota. Gut microbiome is able to communicate with brain activities through microbiota-derived signaling molecules, immune mediators, gut hormones as well as vagal and spinal afferent neurons. Since the diet induces changes in the intestinal microbiota and in the production of molecules, such as the SCFA, we wanted to investigate the role that nutritional intervention can have on GI microbiota composition and thus on its influence on behavior, GI symptoms and microbiota composition and report which are the beneficial effect on ASD condition.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Nov 2021
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