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Topic Review
Shrimp Farming in the Philippines
Aquaculture serves the employment and food security needs of most Asian coastal countries, such as Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam, which are all aquaculture-reliant countries with large aquaculture sectors. Aquaculture is a major driver of socioeconomic development in poor rural and coastal communities, particularly in Asia, and it relieves the pressure on, and helps to maintain the sustainability of, wild-caught species from rivers, lakes, and oceans, as it provides for the shortfalls of capture fisheries.  This industry has become a major source of food protein and it is predicted that it will support the seafood production as a sustainable alternative to wild-caught fish.
  • 16.0K
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Fish Muscle
Fish muscle, which accounts for 15%–25% of the total protein in fish, is a desirable protein source. Their hydrolysate is in high demand nutritionally as a functional food and thus has high potential added value. The hydrolysate contains physiologically active amino acids and various essential nutrients, the contents of which depend on the source of protein, protease, hydrolysis method, hydrolysis conditions, and degree of hydrolysis.
  • 13.9K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Marine Algae and Plants
Marine algae and plants are a diverse collection of marine life that, together with cyanobacteria, form the main primary producers at base of the ocean food chain. Marine primary producers are important because they underpin almost all marine animal life by generating most of the oxygen and food that animals need to exist. Some algae and plants are also ecosystem engineers which change the environment and provide habitats for other marine life. Marine algae includes the largely invisible and often unicellular microalgae, which together with cyanobacteria form the ocean phytoplankton, as well as the larger, more visible and complex multicellular macroalgae commonly called seaweed. Seaweeds are found along coastal areas, living on the floor of continental shelves and washed up in intertidal zones. Some seaweeds drift with plankton in the sunlit surface waters (epipelagic zone) of the open ocean. Back in the Silurian, some phytoplankton evolved into red, brown and green algae. These algae then invaded the land and started evolving into the land plants we know today. Later in the Cretaceous some of these land plants returned to the sea as mangroves and seagrasses. These are found along coasts in intertidal regions and in the brackish water of estuaries. In addition, some seagrasses, like seaweeds, can be found at depths up to 50 metres on both soft and hard bottoms of the continental shelf.
  • 4.1K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ulva (Enteromorpha) Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides
The high-valued utilization of Ulva (previously known as Enteromorpha) bioresources has drawn increasing attention due to the periodic blooms of world-wide green tide. The polysaccharide is the main functional component of Ulva and exhibits various physiological activities. The Ulva oligosaccharide as the degradation product of polysaccharide not only possesses some obvious activities, but also possesses excellent solubility and bioavailability. Both Ulva polysaccharides and oligosaccharides hold promising potential in the food industry as new functional foods or food additives. Studies on Ulva polysaccharides and oligosaccharides are increasing and have been the focus of the marine bioresources field.
  • 2.7K
  • 19 Mar 2022
Topic Review
DNA-Based Methods in Identification of Fish Species
Various methods, differing in their principle and detected target molecules, can be used for fish species identification and adulteration detection. Parvalbumin detection has been preferred, but this is quite demanding compared to other food allergens because of its high biochemical and immunological variability among fish species and differing thermostability. This in itself sidelines the use of some types of methods, e.g., proteomic ones, and favors DNA-based methods, whose target, DNA, is not destroyed by the processing. Using DNA analysis, for example, a common form of adulteration—replacing the species (a more expensive one with a cheaper one)—can be detected. Additionally, DNA-based methods have the potential to detect the consumer being misled about the fish’s origin, another common type of adulteration. This is even more relevant, since genetically modified (GM) fish can be bought on the world market. Even though GM organisms do not pose a threat to public health and their quality is no different, consumers should be informed about the content of GM products, and because the public can be skeptical about GM products, sellers may want to hide this information and deliberately deceive the consumer.
  • 2.1K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Importance of Mud Crab in Saline Water Ecosystems
Mud crabs genus Scylla (S. serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. olivacea, and S. paramamosain) is an important member of mangrove/estuarine saline water ecosystems than other crustaceans due to its major activities (biological burrowing and bioturbation creation) in protecting and spreading mangrove forests. Mud crabs are generally found in estuaries, especially in mangrove forests of India, Taiwan, Japan, China, South Africa, Indonesia, and the Philippines of Indo-Pacific places. Similarly, Malaysia, Singapore, Western Samoa, Salmon Island, Fiji, and New Caledonia are big mud crabs habitats.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda
Cassiopea andromeda entered the Mediterranean from the Red Sea through the Suez Canal and colonized several areas of the basin. This species is an epibenthic scyphozoan with a maximum umbrella diameter of about 30 cm commonly found in tropical and subtropical shallow coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, estuaries, and sandy mudflats. This species has a metagenetic cycle with the following phases: planula, benthic polyp, ephyra, and adult medusa. The symbiotic relationship with dinoflagellates allows the jellyfish species to feed via direct predation and through photosynthesis by the zooxanthellae (mixotrophy).
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Microcystins
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms pose an environmental health hazard due to the release of water-soluble cyanotoxins. One of the most prevalent cyanotoxins in nature is microcystins (MCs), a class of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins, and they are produced by several common cyanobacteria in aquatic environments. Once released from cyanobacterial cells, MCs are subjected to physical chemical and biological transformations in natural environments. MCs can also be taken up and accumulated in aquatic organisms and their grazers/predators and induce toxic effects in several organisms, including humans.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The Larva of the Ascidian Halocynthia roretzi
The swimming larva represents the dispersal phase of ascidians, marine invertebrates belonging to tunicates. Due to its adhesive papillae, the larva searches the substrate, adheres to it, and undergoes metamorphosis, thereby becoming a sessile filter feeding animal. The papillae of H. roretzi, previously described as simple and conform, exhibit dynamic changes during settlement. This opens up new considerations on papillae morphology and evolution and deserves to be further investigated.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Fiddler Crab
A fiddler crab, sometimes known as a calling crab, may be any of approximately 100 species of semi-terrestrial marine crabs which make up the genus Uca. As members of the family Ocypodidae, fiddler crabs are most closely related to the ghost crabs of the genus Ocypode. This entire group is composed of small crabs – the largest being slightly over two inches (5 cm) across. Fiddler crabs are found along sea beaches and brackish inter-tidal mud flats, lagoons and swamps. Fiddler crabs are most well known for their sexually dimorphic claws; the males’ major claw is much larger than the minor claw while the females’ claws are both the same size. Like all crabs, fiddler crabs shed their shells as they grow. If they have lost legs or claws during their present growth cycle, a new one will be present when they molt. If the large fiddle claw is lost, males will develop one on the opposite side after their next molt. Newly molted crabs are very vulnerable because of their soft shells. They are reclusive and hide until the new shell hardens. Fiddler crabs exhibit a constant circadian rhythm in a controlled laboratory setting that mimics the ebb and flow of the tides. The crabs turn dark in the day and light in the dark.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Aeromonas spp. in Cultured Red Hybrid Tilapia
The genus Aeromonas has been recognised as an important pathogenic species in aquaculture that causes motile Aeromonas septicaemia (MAS) or less severe, chronic infections. This study compares the pathogenicity of the different Aeromonas spp. that were previously isolated from freshwater fish with signs of MAS. A total of 124 isolates of Aeromonas spp. were initially screened for the ability to grow on M9 agar with myo-inositol as a sole carbon source, which is a discriminatory phenotype for the hypervirulent A. hydrophila (vAh) pathotype. Subsequently, LD50 of six selected Aeromonas spp. were determined by intraperitoneal injection of bacterial suspension containing 10^3, 10^5, and 10^7 CFU/mL of the respective Aeromonas sp. to red hybrid tilapias. The kidneys, livers and spleens of infected moribund fish were examined for histopathological changes. The screening revealed that only A. dhakensis 1P11S3 was able to grow using myo-inositol as a sole carbon source, and no vAh strains were identified. The LD50–240h of A. dhakensis 1P11S3 was 10^7 CFU/mL, while the non-myo-inositol utilizing A. dhakensis 4PS2 and A. hydrophila 8TK3 was lower at 10^5 CFU/mL. Similarly, tilapia challenged with the myo-inositol A. dhakensis 1P11S3 showed significantly (p < 0.05) less severe signs, gross and histopathological lesions, and a lower mortality rate than the non-myo-inositol A. dhakensis 4PS2 and A. hydrophila 8TK3. These findings suggested that myo-inositol utilizing A. dhakensis 1P11S3 was not a hypervirulent Aeromonas sp. under current experimental disease challenge conditions, and that diverse Aeromonas spp. are of concern in aquaculture farmed freshwater fish. Therefore, future study is warranted on genomic level to further elucidate the influence of myo-inositol utilizing ability on the pathogenesis of Aeromonas spp., since this ability correlates with hypervirulence in A. hydrophila strains.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Fish Skin Mucus Extracts as Antimicrobial Agents
The slow discovery of new antibiotics combined with the alarming emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria underscores the need for alternative treatments. In this regard, fish skin mucus has been demonstrated to contain a diverse array of bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties, including peptides, proteins, and other metabolites. This entry aims to provide an overview of the antimicrobial molecules found in fish skin mucus and its reported in vitro antimicrobial capacity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Additionally, the different methods of mucus extraction, which can be grouped as aqueous, organic, and acidic extractions, are presented. Finally, omic techniques (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and multiomics) are described as key tools for the identification and isolation of new antimicrobial compounds.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Marine Bioactive Compounds Available on the Market
Marine natural products are potent and promising sources of drugs among other natural products of plant, animal, and microbial origin.  Marine drugs are classified into six categories, where the basis of classification is nonuniform but maintains the flow of context within the category. Most of the drugs are categorized on the basis of the complexity of structures such as “spongonucleosides”, “antibody-drug conjugates”, and “peptides or proteins used as drugs or used in drug preparations”, but some are categorized on the basis of their mechanism of action, such as “microtubule inhibitors” and “deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) alkylating agents”, or their natural source of abundance, such as “fish oil and its components as drugs”.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Seagrass Posidonia oceanica，Human Health
Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile is a marine plant endemic to the Mediterranean, traditionally used in some medical applications. However, the potential benefits of P. oceanica for human health have only recently been documented. New knowledge gained on the bioactive properties of P. oceanica allow the scientific community to look at this marine plant as a promising source of natural therapeutic products for human health.Experimental investigations conducted in both in vitro cellular models and in vivo animal models pave the way for new research projects that aim to develop alternative and complementary therapeutic strategies based on P. oceanica against a wide range of pathological conditions.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Marine Collagen
Marine organisms harbor numerous bioactive substances that can be utilized in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Scientific research on various applications of collagen extracted from these organisms has become increasingly prevalent. Marine collagen can be used as a biomaterial because it is water-soluble, metabolically compatible, and highly accessible. 
  • 959
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Macroalgae's Antiviral and Antioxidant Activity
species belonging to the Phaeophyceae and Rhodophceae classes are primarily potent against herpes simplex virus, followed by human immunodeficiency virus and influenza virus.
  • 958
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Red King Crab Larvae in the Barents Sea
The red king crab (RKC) is a large invasive species inhabiting bottom communities in the Barents Sea. Larval stages of RKC play an important role in determining the spread and recruitment of the population in the coastal waters. Here researchers describe morphological aspects, distribution patterns, and abunance of RKC larvae in the coastal Barents Sea.
  • 907
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
UV-Filters Risk for Coastal Environments
Considering the rapid growth of tourism in recent years and the acknowledgement that exposure to solar UV radiation may cause skin cancer, sunscreens have been widely used by beachgoers in recent decades. UV filters contained in sunscreens were recently identified as emerging pollutants in coastal waters since they accumulate in the marine environment with different adverse effects. In fact, direct and/or indirect exposure to these components was proven to be harmful and eventually toxic to many invertebrate and vertebrate marine species.
  • 902
  • 21 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Photoautotrophic Euendoliths
Photoautotrophic euendoliths, including cyanobacteria, and red and green microalgae, are part of the endolithic community. The term ‘endolith’ refers to a morphologically and physiologically heterogenous group of microorganisms living within a rock or other stony matter, such as coral skeletons or animal shells, and more specifically, to organisms that actively bore into relatively soluble substrates, such as phosphate and carbonate substrates. Euendoliths are ubiquitous, as they can be found in almost every environment, geographical location, or depth, where the appropriate substratum (e.g., relatively soluble carbonate and phosphate substrates) is available and the requirements for photosynthesis are met. The most diverse and abundant modern euendolithic communities can be found in the marine environment. Euendoliths, as microorganisms infesting inanimate substrates, were first thought to be ecologically irrelevant. Numerous studies have subsequently shown that euendoliths can colonize living marine calcifying organisms, such as coral skeletons and bivalve shells, causing both sub-lethal and lethal damage. Moreover, under suitable environmental conditions, their presence can have surprising benefits for the host. Thus, infestation by photoautotrophic euendoliths has significant consequences for calcifying organisms that are of particular importance in the case of ecosystems underpinned by calcifying ecosystem engineers.
  • 902
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Fucoidan from Marine Macroalgae
According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature system, fucoidan specifically designates the heterogeneous marine sulfated polysaccharides which are copiously found in the cell wall matrix of various species of brown algae. The cell walls of brown algae consist of an amorphous matrix of acid polysaccharides, such as fucoidan and alginic acid, which are linked to each other by proteins, giving structural integrity and flexibility to the seaweed. Generally, fucoidan constitutes about 5–10% of the dry algal biomass, which varies based on the species and the seasons. The fucoidan is used in regenerative medicine, drug delivery systems and the food industry.
  • 871
  • 14 Oct 2022
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