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Topic Review
Suprachoroidal Injections for Inflammatory and Neoplasic Pathologies
Ocular inflammatory diseases, including uveitis, involve inflammation within the eye and can affect various parts of the eye, leading to discomfort, vision impairment, and potentially serious complications if left untreated. The causes of uveitis and ocular inflammatory diseases can vary, including autoimmune disorders, infections (such as viral, bacterial, or fungal), systemic diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease), or sometimes the cause may remain unknown (idiopathic). Symptoms of uveitis and ocular inflammatory diseases may include eye redness, pain, light sensitivity, blurred vision, floaters, and in severe cases, vision loss. Another pathology affecting the middle layer of the eye is uveal melanoma, which is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults that develops in the uveal melanocytes. Since these are serious and potentially life-altering diseases, proper diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing monitoring are crucial to effectively manage these conditions and maintain ocular health. In this regard, suprachoroidal injections is being investigated as a new potential treatment options for these conditions. 
  • 169
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Suprachoroidal Injections for Vision-Altering Diseases
Multiple eye pathologies have serious and vision-altering effects that can greatly affect the patients' quality of life. Notably, retinal detachment occurs when the retina, which is the thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye responsible for detecting light and transmitting visual signals to the brain, becomes separated from its underlying supportive layers. This separation can disrupt the normal flow of nutrients and oxygen to the retina, leading to vision loss if not promptly treated. Glaucoma, on the other hand, refers to a group of eye conditions characterized by damage to the optic nerve, which is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain. This damage is often associated with increased intraocular pressure (IOP) due to a buildup of fluid within the eye. Glaucoma is typically a progressive condition that can lead to permanent vision loss if left untreated. Finally, myopia is a common vision problem worldwide, and its prevalence has been increasing in recent years, especially in urbanized and highly educated populations. It affects the ability to see distant objects clearly. Suprachoroidal injection thus offers a novel approach to the treatment of these conditions.
  • 167
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Suprachoroidal Injections for Choroidal Neovascularization and Retinal Detachment
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a pathological process characterized by the growth of abnormal blood vessels beneath the retina and choroid, the vascular layer located behind the retina. CNV is a common complication of various eye conditions, with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) being the most prevalent cause. In AMD, CNV is often referred to as "wet" or "neovascular" AMD, as it involves the formation of new blood vessels that are fragile and prone to leakage. These vessels disrupt the normal structure and function of the retina, leading to vision loss or distortion. CNV can also occur in other conditions like myopia, inflammatory eye diseases, and ocular trauma. The underlying cause of CNV is an imbalance of angiogenic factors, particularly vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Increased levels of VEGF promote the growth of abnormal blood vessels. The new vessels are fragile, leaky, and prone to bleeding, causing damage to the surrounding tissues and impairing vision. Suprachorodal injections therefore offers a novel treatment modality for these serious and vision-altering pathologies.  
  • 225
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Microbiome in the Obesity-Breast Cancer Axis
A large body of evidence has demonstrated a significant link between obesity and cancer risk. Adipose tissue, conventionally viewed as a passive reservoir for energy storage, is now recognized as a highly secretory endocrine organ that produces various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, estrogens, and other bioactive molecules. Obesity, characterized by adipose tissue hypertrophy (increase in adipocyte size) and hyperplasia (increase in adipocyte number), causes the dysregulation of adipose tissue hormonal production, leading to chronic low-grade inflammation that can contribute to the initiation and progression of breast cancer, particularly among postmenopausal women. Furthermore, obesity-related metabolic changes can influence the composition of the gut microbiome, leading to dysbiosis, which may further affect breast cancer risk and outcomes. Over the past two decades, following advancements in DNA sequencing technologies, the microbiome has been recognized as a major factor in maintaining health. The interaction between the microbiome and the host organism is a dynamic bidirectional relationship, where disruptions in the microbiome reflect the host’s health and vice versa: modifications to the health status of the host lead to corresponding microbiome changes.
  • 263
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) accounts for the majority of pancreatic cancers and is associated with poor prognosis, a high mortality rate, and a substantial number of healthy life years lost. Surgical resection is the primary treatment option for patients with resectable disease; however, only 10–20% of all patients with PDAC are eligible for resection at the time of diagnosis.
  • 264
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Type 2 Cystatins in Human Immune and Cancer
Type 2 cystatins are a group of small secreted protease inhibitors that regulate cysteine protease cathepsins and legumain. These enzymes regulate important cellular processes that are linked to the immune response and tumor progression, playing important roles in both autoimmune diseases and various types of cancers. Cysteine cathepsins are associated with the development of autoimmune diseases, tumor progression, and metastasis. Cystatins are categorized into three subfamilies: type 1, type 2, and type 3. The type 2 cystatin subfamily is the largest, containing 10 members, and consists entirely of small secreted proteins. Although type 2 cystatins have many shared biological roles, each member differs in structure, post-translational modifications (e.g., glycosylation), and expression in different cell types. These distinctions allow the type 2 cystatins to have unique biological functions and properties.
  • 168
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Making of Surgical Guide for TADs
A temporary anchorage devices (TADs)  surgical guide is a guide that allows a dental surgeon to place TAD in a precise, pre-planned location to give the ideal depth, angulation, and screw size to fit the area for anchorage purposes. The purpose of anchorage in orthodontics is to move a tooth or teeth for dental and alveolar orthopedic purposes. The TAD number of the screw that can be placed using the surgical guide may range from one to multiple, depending on the purpose of the anchorage needed. The surgical guide is made from hard materials like acrylic or metal. The TAD surgical guide is positioned over the adjacent teeth to maintain stability during the maneuver. The surgical guide is created using CAD/CAM technology and a 3D printer.
  • 348
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Radio-Sensitizing Nanoparticles in Soft Tissue Sarcomas
High-atomic-number (Z) nanoparticles produce a cascade of low-energy secondary electrons and characteristic X-rays when ionized by X-ray irradiation. These secondary particles deposit their energy in the vicinity of the nanoparticles and, provided that the latter are selectively accumulated within tumor cells, this results in increased DNA damage and tumor cell deaths. The utilization of high-Z nanoparticles in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are reviewed. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the dose is enhanced by approximately 1.2 when polyethelyne glycol (PEG)-modified gold nanoparticles, and from 1.4 to 1.8 when hafnium oxide nanoparticles (NBTXR3, Nanobiotix SA, France) are introduced into tumor cells and activated by X-ray beams. In a phase 2/3 clinical trial investigating the therapeutic benefit of using nanoparticles in preoperative external beam radiotherapy for locally advanced STS, the proportion of patients with a pathological complete response in their resected tumor was doubled when NBTXR3 nanoparticles were used. Additionally, a higher percentage of patients with complete tumor resection was observed in the NBTXR3 plus radiotherapy group. Similar toxicity profiles were found for both the NBTXR3 plus radiotherapy and the radiotherapy alone patient groups. The incorporation of radio-sensitizing nanoparticles in the preoperative radiotherapy of STS could enhance treatment outcomes.
  • 213
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Potential of Antimicrobials in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Microbes, including bacteria and certain viruses, particularly Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), have been linked to the pathogenesis of MS. While there is currently no cure for MS, antibiotics and antivirals have been studied as potential treatment options due to their immunomodulatory ability that results in the regulation of the immune process. 
  • 146
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Globally, many individuals struggle with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), an unrelenting and incapacitating neurodegenerative condition. Despite notable research endeavors, effective remedies for AD remain constrained, prompting the exploration of innovative therapeutic avenues. Within this context, silica-based nanoplatforms have emerged with pronounced potential due to their unique attributes like expansive surface area, customizable pore dimensions, and compatibility with living systems. These nanoplatforms hold promise as prospective interventions for AD.
  • 462
  • 01 Dec 2023
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