You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Nasolabial Angle in Orthodontic Diagnosis
The nasolabial angle (NLA) is one of the key factors to be studied in an orthodontic diagnosis for the aesthetics of the nose and facial profile.
  • 17.5K
  • 06 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Clavicular Malignancies
The clavicle, or collar bone, is a long (6 inches in adults), tubular, S-shaped bone that is subcutaneous throughout and can be considered “special” for several reasons. It is the first bone to ossify in the embryo, with its two first ossification centers developing between the fifth and sixth weeks of gestation. Malignant clavicular tumors present with local pain, a palpable firm mass or pathological bone fracture, or with the clinical symptoms of the primary tumor (in cases of metastasis).
  • 13.6K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Biological Properties of Flavonoids
It has been reported that nutritional phytochemicals present in fruits, vegetables and cereals, such as flavonoid polyphenolic compounds, can improve bone mineral density by several mechanisms, in addition to having beneficial effects on bone homeostasis and health. In addition to their nutritional properties, flavonoids may have applicability in the manufacture of polymers and can be used as stabilizing agents for biopolyesters, such as polylactide (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), which have been widely used in tissue engineering for membranes and scaffolds.
  • 5.5K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Bone Tissues
Osseous tissue is a kind of hard connective tissue, which is also composed of cells, fibers and matrix. The fibers are bone glue fibers (the same as collagen fibers), and the matrix contains a large amount of solid inorganic salts.
  • 4.1K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Fracture Healing in Healthy Bone
Fracture healing is a complex, multistage, coordinated process commencing autonomously in the bone fracture area. There are two principal histological types of bone healing: primary and secondary healing.
  • 3.7K
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Skeletal Muscle Myokines
The skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body and secretes circulating factors, including myokines, which are involved in various cellular signaling processes. Skeletal muscle is vital for metabolism and physiology and plays a crucial role in insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Myokines have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions, serving as critical regulators of myogenic differentiation, fiber-type switching, and maintaining muscle mass. Myokines have profound effects on energy metabolism and inflammation, contributing to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other metabolic diseases. Myokines have been shown to increase insulin sensitivity, thereby improving glucose disposal and regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. 
  • 3.2K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Imaging Techniques in Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity
Adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) is a disorder caused by repetitive overloading, which leads to progressive posterior tibialis tendon (PTT) insufficiency. It mainly affects middle-aged women and occurs with foot pain, malalignment, and loss of function. After clinical examination, imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis and management of this pathology. Imaging allows confirmation of the diagnosis, monitoring of the disorder, outcome assessment and complication identification. 
  • 2.3K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Proprioceptive Cervicogenic Dizziness
Dizziness is one of the most common reasons for consultation in adult patients. It is an umbrella term used to describe various sensations, including vertigo, disequilibrium, lightheadedness, or presyncope.
  • 2.1K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ultrasound in Medial Epicondylalgia and Medial Elbow Pain
Medial epicondylalgia (ME), commonly known as “the golfer’s elbow”, typically develops in individuals who perform repetitive forearm movements and weight-bearing activities. It accounts for up to 20% of all epicondylitis cases and is most prevalent in particular sports and occupations.
  • 2.0K
  • 18 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Role of Tissue Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase beyond Mineralization
Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is a key enzyme responsible for skeletal tissue mineralization. It is involved in the dephosphorylation of various physiological substrates, and has vital physiological functions, including extra-skeletal functions, such as neuronal development, detoxification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an anti-inflammatory role, bile pH regulation, and the maintenance of the blood brain barrier (BBB). TNAP is also implicated in ectopic pathological calcification of soft tissues, especially the vasculature. Although it is the crucial enzyme in mineralization of skeletal and dental tissues, it is a logical clinical target to attenuate vascular calcification.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Coronal Shear Fractures of the Distal Humerus
Coronal shear fractures are partial or complete articular fractures of the distal humerus without involvement of the columns, which can affect the capitellum, the trochlea, or both.
  • 1.9K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Osteoporosis Pathophysiology
Osteoporosis is a major public health concern affecting millions of people worldwide and resulting in significant economic costs. The condition is characterized by changes in bone homeostasis, which lead to reduced bone mass, impaired bone quality, and an increased risk of fractures. The pathophysiology of osteoporosis is complex and multifactorial, involving imbalances in hormones, cytokines, and growth factors. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying osteoporosis is essential for appropriate diagnosis and management of the condition.
  • 1.9K
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Pluripotent Stem Cell
Pluripotent stem cells (PSC) such as embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced PSCs (iPSC) are originated from embryos and induced from adult tissue cells, respectively. PSCs are capable of proliferating almost indefinitely, and differentiating into all somatic cells, through processes that mimic early embryogenesis. The resulting cells tend to carry embryonic characteristics.
  • 1.8K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Complex Lymphatic Anomalies
Complex Lymphatic Anomalies (CLA) are characterized by idiopathic boney lesions caused by abnormal lymphatic invasion. The lymphatic network is a one-way system mainly responsible for maintaining fluid homeostasis, lipid absorption, and immune surveillance. CLAs include four diseases with overlapping and distinct clinical features: Gorham-Stout Disease (GSD), General Lymphatic Anomaly (GLA), Kaposiform Lymphangiomatosis (KLA), and Central Conducting Lymphatic Anomaly (CCLA).In order to highlight the known bone involvement of each CLA, their osteopathic phenotypes are described and illustrated below.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Mechanisms for Bone Regeneration
The bone regeneration process has historically been studied with the repair of fracture as a unique ability of our body by restoring it to its pre-injured functions. In bone biology, homeostasis is regulated by two main cellular components: osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) and osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells). Furthermore, various inflammatory cells and cytokines dynamically interact with these cells in bone environments, which are responsible for their repair capacity. For the bone regeneration process, previous studies have emphasized the role of osteoblasts with morphogen gradients such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs).
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head
Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is caused by disruption of the blood supply to the proximal femur. The alterations in the blood supply may occur following a traumatic event or result from a non-traumatic cause. Femoral neck fracture and hip dislocation and associated surgical procedures, corticosteroid therapy, and alcohol abuse frequently lead to AVN development. 
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Articular Cartilage
Articular cartilage is a load-bearing connective tissue that has a low self-repair potential. There are high demands placed on articular hyaline cartilage in the organism, mainly mechanical flexibility, load-bearing capacity, and the ability to reduce friction. The function of the cartilage in joints is to ensure low friction and the ability to distribute the weight load acting in the joint. An articular cartilage defect can persist without healing, or if it extends into the blood-filled subchondrium, then it is replaced by cartilage tissue that does not have suitable strength properties.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Dual-Modular Stems for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty
In primary total hip arthroplasty (THA), dual-modular stems were introduced to better restore hip stability, femoral offset, and leg length. This entry highlights the gathered knowledge about dual-modular stems and related complications in combinations with titanium (Ti) and cobalt-chrome (CoCr) exchangeable necks. The reasons for a modular neck failure are multifactorial. Some of the dual-modular stems are still on the market despite the fact th these designs have neither been proven for durability nor have shown any clinical benefits for the patients as compared to monolithic stems. Apart from very limited indications, orthopaedic surgeons should not use dual-modular stem designs for primary THA. 
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Quantitative Sensory Testing and Pressure Pain Threshold
Several published articles have shown that quantitative sensory testing (QST) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) are useful in the analysis of neck/shoulder and low back pain. A valid reference for normal PPT values might be helpful for the clinical diagnosis of abnormal tenderness or muscle pain. However, there have been no reliable references for PPT values of neck/shoulder and back pain because the data vary depending on the devices used, the measurement units, and the area examined. 
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Current Advances in Regeneration of Degenerated Articular Cartilage
Functional ability is the basis of healthy aging. Articular cartilage degeneration is amongst the most prevalent degenerative conditions that cause adverse impacts on the quality of life; moreover, it represents a key predisposing factor to osteoarthritis (OA). Both the poor capacity of articular cartilage for self-repair and the unsatisfactory outcomes of available clinical interventions make innovative tissue engineering a promising therapeutic strategy for articular cartilage repair. Significant progress was made in this field; however, a marked heterogeneity in the applied biomaterials, biofabrication, and assessments is nowadays evident by the huge number of research studies published to date. Accordingly, this entry assimilates the most recent advances in cell-based and cell-free tissue engineering of articular cartilage and also focuses on the assessments performed via various in vitro studies, ex vivo models, preclinical in vivo animal models, and clinical studies in order to provide a broad overview of the latest findings and clinical translation in the context of degenerated articular cartilage and OA.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Jan 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 9
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback