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Topic Review
MRNA as vaccination tool
Transcription of mRNA is carried out by RNA ´polymerase II in eukaryotes. This a complex process involving protein biopolymers. mRNA can be used as vaccine and can be delivered into the cells to produce an antigen. This mRNA-based vaccine could be used for several infectious diseases, cancer and SARS-CoV-2 virus. It can be also used to deliver a missing protein in a particular cell type. A functional mRNA can be in vitro transcribed, either by using a viral RNA polymerase or an eukaryotic RNA polymerase II together with a capping system. 
  • 1.5K
  • 20 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Non-Amyloidbeta-Tau Biomarkers
Core biomarkers amyloid beta (Aβ) and Tau have been considered as key neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. However, they did not sufficiently reflect clinical severity and therapeutic response, proving the difficulty of the Aβ- and Tau-targeting therapies in clinical trials. Along with these core biomarkers, non-Amyloidbeta-Tau pathophysiological biomarkers (Neurodegeneration-related biomarkers, biomarkers for neuroinflammation and phagocytosis of an innate immune system, lipid metabolism biomarkers) could serve as advanced reporters for early diagnosing AD, predicting AD progression, and monitoring the treatment response.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Laser Wakefield Electron Acceleration
Laser wakefield electron acceleration (LWFA) is an emerging technology for the next generation of electron accelerators. As intense laser technology has rapidly developed, LWFA has overcome its limitations and has proven its possibilities to facilitate compact high-energy electron beams.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Sonic Environment and Noise Mitigations
The pandemic has impacted every facet of our life, society, and environment. It has also affected both the requirement and challenges for acoustic research and applications. The present article attempts to present a summary of the impact of COVID-19 on several aspects of acoustics, from the changes in the sonic environment due to reduced human and industrial activities to natural ventilation requirements for mitigating the transmission of coronavirus while mitigating noise, and, more importantly, discusses the potential impacts and challenges for acoustics in the post-COVID-19 era. The present study specifically examines the effects of COVID-19 on the sonic environment, the acoustic treatment by considering the need for constant disinfection, the noise control on construction and neighborhood activities in response to an increased number of people working from home, and the need for having natural ventilation while mitigating noise at home and offices. 
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Intestinal Permeability
The intestinal epithelial barrier consists of multiple elements that contribute to its function as a physical, chemical, and immunological defense. While the mucus layer, intestinal epithelium, and the underlying immune cells in the lamina propria comprise a major component of the defense response, intestinal epithelial permeability is regulated by tight junctions.
  • 1.5K
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Resveratrol Treatment and Periodontal Disease
Resveratrol is an anti-inflammatory compound found in several foods. Periodontal disease (PD) is associated to other systemic diseases, and inflammation may be responsible for the association. 
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Smart Cities and Older-Adults Mobility
Smart cities have a set of characteristics: smart governance, smart economy, smart environment, smart people, smart living, and smart mobility. This entry aimed to identify: (i) the relevant applications based on information technologies and requiring smart cities’ infrastructure to facilitate the mobility of older adults in URBAN SPACES; (ii) the type of data being used by the proposed applications; (iii) the maturity level of these applications; and (iv) the barriers TO their dissemination. 
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nanomaterials in Cell-Based Drug Delivery Systems
The combination of nanomaterials with cell-based drug delivery systems has shown tremendous advantages in cancer treatment.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
DNA Methylation on Gene Expression and Climate Adaptation
Methylation occurs in both plants and animals and is an important epigenetic modification due to its role in gene regulation, transposable element (TE) silencing, chromosomal interactions, and stability of the plant genome. Epigenetic modifications, including chromatin modifications and DNA methylation, play key roles in regulating gene expression in both plants and animals. Transmission of epigenetic markers is important for some genes to maintain specific expression patterns and preserve the status quo of the cell. The implications of epigenetics are important for adaptation and phenotypic plasticity because they provide the potential for tree conservation in forest ecosystems exposed to adverse conditions resulting from global warming and regional climate fluctuations. 
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Covalent and Non-Covalent Interactions in Chitosan-Based Biomaterials
Chitosan (CS) is a natural biopolymer that has gained great interest in many research fields due to its promising biocompatibility, biodegradability, and favorable mechanical properties. Through covalent and non-covalent chemical modifications, CS derivatives can reach optimal properties for the development of smart biomaterials in a wide range of biomedial applications.
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Vertical Barriers for Land Contamination Containment
Soil pollution is one of the major threats to the environment and jeopardizes the provision of key soil ecosystem services. Vertical barriers, including slurry trench walls and walls constructed with soil mix technology, have been employed for decades to control groundwater flow and subsurface contaminant transport.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Franklinothrips vespiformis
Species of Franklinothrips (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae) are predatory on various other insects. These fast moving, ant-mimicking predatory thrips are widely distributed in the tropics. F. vespiformis has gained attention for its potential as a biocontrol agent for a diverse range of greenhouse pests, and it has already been commercially cultured in Europe for certain use.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Hormonal Stimuli, Leading HPV Infection to Cervical Cancer
The special thing about an HPV infection is that it is not only able to trick the immune system in a sophisticated way, but also, through genetic integration into the host genome, to use all the resources available to the host cells to complete the replication cycle of the virus without activating the alarm mechanisms of immune recognition and elimination. The mechanisms utilized by the virus are the metabolic, immune, and hormonal signaling pathways that it manipulates. Since the virus is dependent on replication enzymes of the host cells, it also intervenes in the cell cycle of the differentiating keratinocytes and shifts their terminal differentiation to the uppermost layers of the squamocolumnar transformation zone (TZ) of the cervix.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Helmet Design and Neurotrauma Prevention
Neurotrauma is an important, often preventable cause of morbidity and mortality. Between 180 and 250 traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) occur per 100,000 population per year in the U.S.. Helmets have been employed by humans for thousands of years and have served as a crucial instrument by which we protect ourselves from and minimize the effects of traumatic brain injury. Substantial evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses points toward the protective effectiveness (often >60%) of helmets in preventing TBIs in athletes, cyclists and motorcyclists. However, when stratifying TBI by severity, helmets may be less effective or even ineffective in preventing milder forms of TBI such as concussion. Helmet design has been predicated on linear acceleration as a metric corresponding to head injury. This has served well in preventing catastrophic injuries. However, rotational acceleration is more likely implicated in the pathophysiology of milder brain injuries, including concussion.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
African-American Studies
African-American studies (alternately named Afroamerican studies, or in US education, black studies) is an interdisciplinary academic field that is primarily devoted to the study of the history, culture, and politics of black people from the United States . African American studies are a sub-field of African diaspora studies and Africana studies, the study of the people of African origin worldwide. The field has been defined in different ways, but taken broadly, it not only studies African slave descendants but also any community of the African diaspora linked to the Americas. The field includes scholars of African-American (as well as Caribbean, African, and Afro-European) literature, history, politics, and religion as well as those from disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, education, and many other disciplines within the humanities and social sciences. And, increasingly, African-American Studies departments are hiring and partnering with STEM scholars. Intensive academic efforts to reconstruct African American history began in the late 19th century (W. E. B. Du Bois, The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America, 1896). Among the pioneers in the first half of the 20th century were Carter G. Woodson, Herbert Aptheker, Melville Herskovits, and Lorenzo Dow Turner. Programs and departments of African American Studies were first created in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of inter-ethnic student and faculty activism at many universities, sparked by a five-month strike for black studies at San Francisco State. In February 1968, San Francisco State hired sociologist Nathan Hare to coordinate the first black studies program and write a proposal for the first Department of Black Studies; the department was created in September 1968 and gained official status at the end of the five-months strike in the spring of 1969. The creation of programs and departments in black studies was a common demand of protests and sit-ins by minority students and their allies, who felt that their cultures and interests were underserved by the traditional academic structures. Black studies is a systematic way of studying black people in the world – such as their history, culture, sociology, policies, experience, issues and religion. It is a study of the black experience and the effect of society on them and their effect within society. This study aims to, among other things, help eradicate many racial stereotypes. Black studies implements history, family structure, social and economic pressures, stereotypes, and gender relationships.
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Polyunsaturated Fat
Polyunsaturated fats are fats in which the constituent hydrocarbon chain possesses two or more carbon–carbon double bonds. Polyunsaturated fat can be found mostly in nuts, seeds, fish, seed oils, and oysters. "Unsaturated" refers to the fact that the molecules contain less than the maximum amount of hydrogen (if there were no double bonds). These materials exist as cis or trans isomers depending on the geometry of the double bond. Saturated fats have hydrocarbon chains which can be most readily aligned. The hydrocarbon chains in trans fats align more readily than those in cis fats, but less well than those in saturated fats. In general, this means that the melting points of fats increase from cis to trans unsaturated and then to saturated. See the section about the chemical structure of fats for more information. The position of the carbon-carbon double bonds in carboxylic acid chains in fats is designated by Greek letters. The carbon atom closest to the carboxyl group is the alpha carbon, the next carbon is the beta carbon and so on. In fatty acids the carbon atom of the methyl group at the end of the hydrocarbon chain is called the omega carbon because omega is the last letter of the Greek alphabet. Omega-3 fatty acids have a double bond three carbons away from the methyl carbon, whereas omega-6 fatty acids have a double bond six carbons away from the methyl carbon. The illustration below shows the omega-6 fatty acid, linoleic acid. While it is the nutritional aspects of polyunsaturated fats that are generally of greatest interest, these materials also have non-food applications. Drying oils, which polymerize on exposure to oxygen to form solid films, are polyunsaturated fats. The most common ones are linseed (flax seed) oil, tung oil, poppy seed oil, perilla oil, and walnut oil. These oils are used to make paints and varnishes.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
NGF and the Male Reproductive System
Infertility is a worldwide health issue defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the inability to establish a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular and unprotected sexual intercourse. Male infertility etiology can be related to either congenital or acquired factors. The therapeutical approach to male infertility depends on the underlying causes and includes medical and surgical treatments. The potential role of nerve growth factor (NGF) in male reproductive physiology has been proposed. It has been hypothesized that neurotrophins might be involved in testis morphogenesis and regulation of several aspects of spermatogenesis. Moreover, it has been shown that NGF exerts its role on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons through the activation of the PKC/p–ERK1/2/p–CREB cascade, which leads to the activation of hypothalamic cells and the consequent activation of hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG) with the secretion of GnRH.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Biography
Harold Garner
Harold Ray Garner ("Skip Garner") is a biophysicist with research careers in plasma physics, bioengineering and bioinformatics. Garner was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on 5 February 1954. He received his B.S. degree in Nuclear Engineering (minor in computer science) at the University of Missouri, Rolla in 1976 and a Ph.D. in plasma/high temperature matter physics from the University of Wisconsin
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Food Additives on Gut Microbiota
The gut microbiota has been confirmed as an important part in human health, and is even take as an ‘organ’. The interaction between the gut microbiota and host intestinal environment plays a key role in digestion, metabolism, immunity, inflammation, and diseases. The dietary component is a major factor that affects the composition and function of gut microbiota. Food additives have been widely used to improve the color, taste, aroma, texture, and nutritional quality of processed food. The increasing variety and quantity of processed food in diets lead to increased frequency and dose of food additives exposure, especially artificial food additives, which has become a concern of consumers. There are studies focusing on the impact of food additives on the gut microbiota, as long-term exposure to food additives could induce changes in the microbes, and the gut microbiota is related to human health and disease. 
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Intelligent Dispatcher Training Simulator
The concept of dispatcher training simulator (DTS) was first proposed by Latimer in 1977, and the first DTS device was developed in the same year. After a large discussion on DTS organized by Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in 1978, DTS was rapidly promoted in the power industry. In the 1990s, dynamic simulation and object-oriented techniques were introduced into DTS. Traditional DTS has been unable to meet the needs of the continuously developing smart grid. As artificial intelligence (AI) advances, more intelligent techniques are introduced into DTS, and the intelligent dispatcher training simulator (IDTS) is taking the historical stage. Nico Brose designed the first visualized IDTS in Germany, using software PRINS, which is coupled via a tele-control server with the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) real-time simulation core (with the software PowerFactory) for dynamic grid simulations.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Feb 2023
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