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Topic Review
CD40 as Therapeutic Target
Targeting of CD40 with the aim to stimulate or inhibit this receptor attracts considerable translational interest. Inhibitory CD40 targeting appears particularly attractive in the field of organ transplantation and in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. CD40 blockade might also elicit antitumoral activity on CD40-expressing tumors. Agonistic CD40 targeting typically aims at the exploitation of the strong immunostimulatory activities of CD40 for tumor immunotherapy and vaccination against various infectious pathogens.
  • 1.5K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides with Antiendotoxin
A strategy was described to design antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with enhanced salt resistance and antiendotoxin activities by linking two helical AMPs with the Ala-Gly-Pro (AGP) hinge. Among the designed peptides, KR12AGPWR6 demonstrated the best antimicrobial activities even in high salt conditions (NaCl ~300 mM) and possessed the strongest antiendotoxin activities. These activities may be related to hydrophobicity, membrane-permeability, and α-helical content of the peptide. Amino acids of the C-terminal helices were found to affect the peptide-induced permeabilization of LUVs, the α-helicity of the designed peptides under various LUVs, and the LPS aggregation and size alternation. A possible model was proposed to explain the mechanism of LPS neutralization by the designed peptides. These findings could provide a new approach for designing AMPs with enhanced salt resistance and antiendotoxin activities for potential therapeutic applications.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Bone Fragility
Bone material strength is determined by several factors, such as bone mass, matrix composition, mineralization, architecture and shape. From a clinical perspective, bone fragility is classified as primary (i.e., genetic and rare) or secondary (i.e., acquired and common) osteoporosis
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
CAL Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons Management
The Central American locust (CAL), Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons (Walker, 1870), is a transboundary pest that is distributed from Mexico to Panama. It is a true locust species characterized by density-dependent phase polyphenism. The ancient record of the CAL is found in the Popol Vuh, the Mayan sacred book, demonstrating how it has affected humans for millennia. In Mexico, the CAL has been declared a national threat to agriculture since 1824. Serious locust plagues occurred in 1882–1883 when swarms of 20 km2 in size invaded the Yucatán Peninsula and neighboring states in southern Mexico and, since then, management actions to suppress populations and economic damage have been implemented. A better understanding of the biology, ecology, and behavior of the CAL replaced a manual and mechanical collection of locust swarms, hopper bands, and egg pods with modern techniques such as the use of safer chemical products and environmentally friendly bioinsecticides. Presently, biomodels and GIS support the monitoring and forecasting of outbreaks.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Indirect Effect of Pesticides
Pesticides can indirectly affect target and non-target species in ways that are often contrary to their intended use. Such effects are mediated through interactions with other species or the physical environment and depend on ecological mechanisms. Typical mechanisms are the release of herbivores from predation and release from competition among species with similar niches. 
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
K2P Potassium Channels to Cardiac
Two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels are the latest potassium channels family to be described. Since the discovery of the first member of the TWIK subfamily, the 15 known K2P channels cloned to date have been grouped into six different subfamilies: TIWK; TREK; TASK; THIK; TRESK; and TALK. In mammals, K2P channels are expressed in both nervous and non-nervous tissue, and their distribution varies widely from the almost ubiquitous expression of TWIK to the weak pancreatic expression of TALK.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Brain Image Segmentation
Brain image segmentation is one of the most time-consuming and challenging procedures in a clinical environment. Recently, a drastic increase in the number of brain disorders has been noted. This has indirectly led to an increased demand for automated brain segmentation solutions to assist medical experts in early diagnosis and treatment interventions. This paper aims to present a critical review of the recent trend in segmentation and classification methods for brain magnetic resonance images. Various segmentation methods ranging from simple intensity-based to high-level segmentation approaches such as machine learning, metaheuristic, deep learning, and hybridization are included in the present review. Common issues, advantages, and disadvantages of brain image segmentation methods are also discussed to provide a better understanding of the strengths and limitations of existing methods. 
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Nanomaterials for Wound Healing and Infection Control
Wound healing has been intensely studied in order to develop an "ideal" technique that achieves expeditious recovery and reduces scarring to the minimum, thus ensuring function preservation. The classic approach to wound management is represented by topical treatments, such as antibacterial or colloidal agents, in order to prevent infection and promote a proper wound-healing process. Nanotechnology studies submicroscopic particles (maximum diameter of 100 nm), as well as correlated phenomena. Metal nanoparticles (e.g., silver, gold, zinc) are increasingly being used in dermatology, due to their beneficial effect on accelerating wound healing, as well as treating and preventing bacterial infections. Other benefits include: ease of use, less frequent dressing changes and a constantly moist wound environment. This entry highlights recent findings regarding nanoparticle application in wound management.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Entomophagy
Entomophagy, the practice of eating insects as food, has recently been receiving more widespread recognition along with growing public interest in adopting more sustainable diets. Compared with meats, edible insects taste just as good, are equally or even more nutritious, and have a significantly smaller environmental footprint. However, the adoption of entomophagy is still limited, particularly in Western countries. Considering the environmental benefits of entomophagy and its potential contribution to food security, it is important to understand factors that can influence the willingness to try edible insects as meat substitutes, and policy tools that can encourage the adoption of entomophagy. 
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ensembl Genomes
Ensembl Genomes is a scientific project to provide genome-scale data from non-vertebrate species. The project is run by the European Bioinformatics Institute, and was launched in 2009 using the Ensembl technology. The main objective of the Ensembl Genomes database is to complement the main Ensembl database by introducing five additional web pages to include genome data for bacteria, fungi, invertebrate metazoa, plants, and protists. For each of the domains, the Ensembl tools are available for manipulation, analysis and visualization of genome data. Most Ensembl Genomes data is stored in MySQL relational databases and can be accessed by the Ensembl Perl API, virtual machines or online. Ensembl Genomes is an open project, and most of the code, tools, and data are available to the public. Ensembl and Ensembl Genomes software uses a "permissive Apache-style open-source" license, making it free for all users.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
RetroShare
RetroShare is a free and open-source peer-to-peer communication and file sharing app based on a friend-to-friend network built on GNU Privacy Guard (GPG). Optionally, peers may communicate certificates and IP addresses from and to their friends.
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union (UCSJ) is a non-governmental organization that reports on the human rights conditions in countries throughout Eastern Europe and Central Asia, exposing hate crimes and assisting communities in need. UCSJ uses grassroots-based monitoring and advocacy, as well as humanitarian aid, to protect the political and physical safety of Jewish people and other minorities in the region. UCSJ is based in Washington, D.C., and is linked to other organizations such as the Moscow Helsinki Group. It has offices in Russia and Ukraine and has a collegial relationship with human rights groups that were founded by the UCSJ in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The UCSJ was formed in 1970 as part of the Movement to Free Soviet Jewry, a response to the oppression of Jews in the Soviet Union and other countries of the Soviet bloc.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Use of Deep Learning for Video Classification
Deep learning models, specifically convolutional neural networks (CNNs), are well known for understanding images. An artificial neural network (ANN) is an algorithm based on interconnected nodes to recognize the relationships in a set of data. Algorithms based on ANNs have shown a great success in modeling both the lineßar and the non-linear relationships in the underlying data. Due to the huge success rate of these algorithms, they are extensively being used for different real-time applications.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Virtual Screening Algorithms in Drug Discovery
Virtual screening (VS) is an in silico technique used in the drug discovery process. During VS, large databases of molecular structures are automatically evaluated using computational methods. With the use of VS, it is expected to identify molecules more susceptible to binding to the molecular target, typically a protein or enzyme receptor.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Multi-UAV Path Planning Algorithms
While several developments have taken place in the field of autonomus guidance and navigation techniques for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) systems, obtaining an optimal path planning algorithm remains elusive. With multiple UAVs involvement in missions, these difficulties increase significantly leading to the need for collision free navigation routes from the UAVs' initial positions to target points. Consequently, this entry focuses specifically on Multi-UAV Path Planning Algorithms utilizing Bio -Inspired Algorithms. The findings indicated that bio-inspired algorithms possess substantial potential in addressing multipoint path planning issues and delineate new prospects and implications for the enhancement of this active research domain.
  • 1.5K
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Lipid-Based Delivery Systems for Flavonoids and Flavonolignans
Herbal chemicals with a long history in medicine have attracted a lot of attention. Flavonolignans and flavonoids are considered as two classes of the above-mentioned compounds with different functional groups which exhibit several therapeutic capabilities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Based on the studies, high hydrophobic properties of the aforementioned compounds limit their bioavailability inside the human body and restrict their wide application. Nanoscale formulations such as solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, and other types of lipid-based delivery systems have been introduced to overcome the above-mentioned challenges. This approach allows the aforementioned hydrophobic therapeutic compounds to be encapsulated between hydrophobic structures, resulting in improving their bioavailability. The above-mentioned enhanced delivery system improves delivery to the targeted sites and reduces the daily required dosage.
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Energy Consumption Problems in Autonomous Systems
Autonomous systems are a rapidly developing research field that may revolutionize many industries and applications in transportation, manufacturing, healthcare, and agriculture. They offer the potential to boost effectiveness, to lower expenses, and to enhance safety. Autonomous systems incorporate sensors, software, and artificial intelligence algorithms to perceive their environment, make decisions, and take actions. However, one of the main challenges autonomous systems face is energy consumption. These systems require significant energy to power their sensors, processors, and other components. This is especially true for autonomous systems designed for mobility autonomous systems, such as autonomous vehicles (AVs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Social Brain Perspectives on Neuroscience of Human Language
Human language and social cognition are two key disciplines that have traditionally been studied as separate domains. Nonetheless, an emerging view suggests an alternative perspective. Drawing on the theoretical underpinnings of the social brain hypothesis (thesis of the evolution of brain size and intelligence), the social complexity hypothesis (thesis of the evolution of communication), and empirical research from comparative animal behavior, human social behavior, language acquisition in children, social cognitive neuroscience, and the cognitive neuroscience of language, it is argued that social cognition and language are two significantly interconnected capacities of the human species. 
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Medical Imaging Applications
The advancement of micro-electro-mechanical systems and small-sized optical components enable the fabrication of imaging devices with promising performance as compared to the traditional medical devices. Such devices enable the detection of lesions/tumors at an earlier stage and act as a guide during surgical procedures, increasing diagnostic capabilities. A variety of different imaging techniques used in medical applications are reviewed in here.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nanotechnology Application
The application of nanotechnology, molecular biotechnologies, and nano-sciences for medical purposes has been termed nanomedicine, a promising growing area of medical research. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of and discuss nanotechnology applications in the early epochs of life, from transplacental transfer to neonatal/pediatric conditions. Diagnostic and therapeutic applications, mainly related to the respiratory tract, the neurosensory system, and infections, are explored and discussed. Preclinical studies show promising results for a variety of conditions, including for the treatment of pregnancy complications and fetal, neonatal, and pediatric diseases. However, given the complexity of the functions and interactions between the placenta and the fetus, and the complex and incompletely understood determinants of tissue growth and differentiation during early life, there is a need for much more data to confirm the safety and efficacy of nanotechnology in this field.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Feb 2021
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