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Topic Review
List of AMD Turion Microprocessors
Turion 64 is the name of a family of CPUs designed by AMD for the mobile computing market.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Biography
Frederick Stark Pearson
Frederick Stark Pearson (July 3, 1861 – May 7, 1915) was an United States electrical engineer and entrepreneur. Dr. Frederick Stark Pearson was the son of Ambrose and Hannah (Edgerly) Pearson. He graduated from Tufts University in 1883 with an A.M.B. and received an A.M.M. degree one year later. Previously, for one year (1879–80), he was instructor in chemistry in the Massachusetts Instit
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Geopolymer Nanocomposites
Geopolymers belong to the group of the fastest-growing polymeric materials. The interest in these inorganic ceramic materials is constantly growing. This is a result of their properties, including acid resistance, porosity, low drying shrinkage, as well as high strength, due to which geopolymers are widely investigated for potential application in the construction industry (e.g., repairing roads, bridges, or other infrastructure). The range of potential applications of geopolymers can be increased by improving the properties of the components.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Pseudomonas syringae as a Bacterial Plant Pathogen
Plant diseases caused by the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae are serious problems for various plant species worldwide. Accurate detection and diagnosis of P. syringae infections are critical for the effective management of these plant diseases.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Structure and Function of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to a family of zinc-dependent proteolytic metalloenzymes. MMP-9, a member of the gelatinase B family, is characterized as one of the most intricate MMPs. The crucial involvement of MMP-9 in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling underscores its significant correlation with each stage of cancer pathogenesis and progression. The design and synthesis of MMP-9 inhibitors is a potentially attractive research area.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Management of Coronary Artery Disease in Older Adults
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is highly prevalent in older adults, yet its management remains challenging. Treatment choices are made complex by the frailty burden of older patients, a high prevalence of comorbidities and body composition abnormalities (e.g., sarcopenia), the complexity of coronary anatomy, and the frequent presence of multivessel disease, as well as the coexistence of major ischemic and bleeding risk factors.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Digital and Smart Cities
Mobility is notoriously a key aspect of our modern economy and humans' way of life. In an edge situation such as the current coronavirus pandemic, transportation is one of the first affected mechanisms of a city. In our paper, we highlight the potential of operations research and computational intelligence tools for cities' services. The contributions involves aspects of optimization, internet-of-thing and internet-of-value (brought with concepts of Blockchain). When we sum up all these tools, it becomes possible to envision the potential that emerging software and systems can bring to society, associated with the wave of innovation surroundings the smart cities.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
HANAC
Hereditary angiopathy with nephropathy, aneurysms, and muscle cramps (HANAC) syndrome is part of a group of conditions called the COL4A1-related disorders. The conditions in this group have a range of signs and symptoms that involve fragile blood vessels. HANAC syndrome is characterized by angiopathy, which is a disorder of the blood vessels. In people with HANAC syndrome, angiopathy affects several parts of the body. The blood vessels as well as thin sheet-like structures called basement membranes that separate and support cells are weakened and more susceptible to breakage.
  • 1.5K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Nanocellulosic Materials for Oil Spill
Modern developments in cellulosic materials for oil spill removal are briefly showcased in this entry. Different types of lignocellulosic textures and different modification techniques and preparation methods are explained. Materials were classified into 3D-materials such as hydrophobic and oleophobic sponges and aerogels, or 2D-materials such as membranes, fabrics, films, and meshes. Majorly, 3D-materials showed clear correlation between porosity and density, and their absorption behavior. Moreover, it was shown that nanocellulosic precursors are not exclusively suitable to attain considerable absorption performance. This finding can lead to developments in cost- and energy-efficient production processes of future cellulosic oil spillage removal solutions.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Microbial Biosensors for Wastewater Monitoring
Research on the use of microbial biosensors for monitoring wastewater contaminants is a topic that covers few publications compared to their applicability in other fields, such as biomedical research. It was possible to demonstrate the usefulness of microorganisms as components of biosensors to monitor biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), heavy metals, and inorganic contaminants in wastewater that also had a high sensitivity. Additionally, recombinant DNA techniques were shown to improve the performance of this type of biosensor and can finally be coupled to other emerging technologies, such as microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In conclusion, it was established that microbial biosensors have high acceptability and monitoring characteristics that make them a useful tool to detect low concentrations of pollutants in wastewater that can also provide results in real-time, thus generating forms of ecological safety and social responsibility in companies where wastewater is generated.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Microencapsulation of Probiotics
Probiotics are defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) as “living microorganisms which, when ingested in certain amounts, provide health benefits to the host”.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Titanium Alloys in Maxillofacial Osteosynthesis
Titanium alloys are known for their biological, mechanical and chemical properties, which have successfully expanded their use in the maxillofacial field. The internal fixation using titanium miniplates and screws offers a new perspective for the treatment of trauma, in orthognathic surgery and maxillofacial oncology. Although, titanium is highly recommended for its excellent biocompatibility, recent research has focused on identifying the potential local and general implications of the interactions between the human tissue and the metallic particles. This present review aims to outline the existing tissue changes, cellular alterations and future perspectives regarding the use of titanium-based alloys as osteosynthesis materials, taking into consideration the existing present debate whether the routinely removal of these materials should be an indication.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Macrophages and Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins
Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are key virulence factors involved in many lethal bacterial infections, including pneumonia, necrotizing soft tissue infections, bacterial meningitis, and miscarriage. Host responses to these diseases involve myeloid cells, especially macrophages. Macrophages use several systems to detect and respond to cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, including membrane repair, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling, phagocytosis, cytokine production, and activation of the adaptive immune system. However, CDCs also promote immune evasion by silencing and/or destroying myeloid cells. While there are many common themes between the various CDCs, each CDC also possesses specific features to optimally benefit the pathogen producing it.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Na+-ATPase in Protozoan Parasites
The ENA ATPases (from exitus natru: the exit of sodium), also known as Na+-ATPases, are responsible for exchanges Na+ for H+; it belongs to the P-type ATPases are structurally very similar to the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). ENA ATPases are essential for salt tolerance and in alkaline conditions, where other transporters cannot mediate an uphill Na+ efflux. P-type ATPases are classified in subclasses like types IIA, IIB, IIC, IID, and recently, was identified the type ATP4-type ATPases, related to Na+-ATPases found in Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii. In malaria, some drugs, like spiroindolones, targets PfATP4 and destroy Na+ homeostasis; these drugs are now in clinical trials. The ENA P-type (IID P-type ATPase) and ATP4-type ATPases have no structural homolog in mammalian cells, appearing only in fungi, plants, and protozoan parasites, e.g., Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania sp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Plasmodium falciparum. This exclusivity turns the Na+-ATPase a potential candidate for the biologically-based design of new therapeutic interventions; for this reason, Na+-ATPases deserves more attention.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Information Enabled Care
Information enabled care are the evidenced-based actions and behaviours required by healthcare providers when encountering and using health and social care technologies. Over the last twenty years, the implementation of digital healthcare technologies and  the way people access  care and interact with healthcare systems has changed significantly. Digital innovations are transforming the delivery of health and social care for all stakeholders. Technological hardware such as robotics and wearables, and software such as mobile applications, electronic medical and health records; with new healthcare models including remote monitoring, patient portals, telecare, health and medicine visits are now commonplace within healthcare environments and communities. Having evidence-based quality and safety standards and guidelines, with embedded user outcomes as information enable care provision is essential. However, these frameworks need to be flexible enough not to stifle innovation, and robust enough to ensure that technology is not used for the sake of itself. Healthcare conversations must begin with ‘what matters to you’ rather than ‘wow, look at this new gadget that we want you to use’. Health and social care must be framed by rigorous data analysis and critical appraisal. Building upon Carey Mather's previous encyclopaedia topic, Digital Professionalism, this entry continues the theme of defining and contextualising the National Nursing and Midwifery Digital Health Capability Framework, specifically the domain of Information Enabled Care.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
ENDS, HTP and Lung
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and heated tobacco products (HTP) are sold by the tobacco industry as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes with misleading marketing sustained by studies with conflict of interest. Research on these products found that damage produced by using these devices is involved in pathways related to pulmonary diseases, with  mechanisms previously reported in conventional cigarettes and new mechanisms particular to these devices, which challenges that the tobacco industry’s claims.
  • 1.5K
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
Soapy Plants
Plants that exhibit foaming properties when agitated in aqueous solutions are commonly referred to as soapy plants, and they are used in different communities for washing, bathing, and hair shampooing. The frothing ability of these plants is attributed to saponins which are also well-documented to possess antimicrobial attributes.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Reactive Ni–Al-Based Materials
Energetic materials are substances or mixtures in which, under the action of external forces, self-sustaining chemical reactions occur with the release of a large amount of energy. A promising group of energetic materials are reactive structural materials (RSMs), consisting of two or more solids, usually nonexplosive metallic or nonmetallic powders, in which an exothermic reaction can occur after high-velocity impact and penetration into a target. As a rule, thermite, intermetallic, metal-fluoropolymer systems and metastable intermixed composites are used as RSMs.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Volumetric Muscle Loss Repair
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is defined as a condition in which a large volume of skeletal muscle is lost due to physical insult. VML often results in a heightened immune response, resulting in significant long-term functional impairment. 
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
NCAM2
NCAM2 governs neuronal morphogenesis and axodendritic architecture, and controls important neuron-specific processes such as neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis and memory formation. In the adult brain, NCAM2 is highly expressed in dendritic spines, and it regulates synaptic plasticity and learning processes. NCAM2’s functions are related to its ability to adapt to the external inputs of the cell and to modify the cytoskeleton accordingly. Different studies show that NCAM2 interacts with proteins involved in cytoskeleton stability and proteins that regulate calcium influx, which could also modify the cytoskeleton.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Sep 2021
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