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Biography
Thomas Hill Green
Thomas Hill Green (7 April 1836 – 15 March 1882), known as T. H. Green, was an English philosopher, political radical and temperance reformer, and a member of the British idealism movement. Like all the British idealists, Green was influenced by the metaphysical historicism of G. W. F. Hegel. He was one of the thinkers behind the philosophy of social liberalism. Green was born at Birkin, i
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  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Paediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome
Paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome (PMIS), or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), is a systemic disease involving persistent fever, inflammation and organ dysfunction following exposure to SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. This syndrome appears somewhat similar to Kawasaki disease, a rare disease of unknown origin that affects young children, in which blood vessels become inflamed throughout the body. It can also show features of other serious paediatric inflammatory conditions, including toxic shock and macrophage activation syndromes. Older children tend to be affected. The first symptoms may be acute abdominal pain, diarrhoea or vomiting. Low blood pressure is common. Other possible symptoms include conjunctivitis, rashes, enlarged lymph nodes, swollen hands and feet, "strawberry tongue", sore throat, cough, fainting, irritability and confusion. Inflammation of the heart muscle is one of several forms of cardiac involvement. Coronary artery abnormalities (such as dilatation and aneurysms) can occur. A cytokine storm may take place, in which the innate immune system stages an excessive and uncontrolled inflammatory response. For the purposes of diagnosis and official reporting of cases, this emerging condition has been defined in three different ways (using various names), by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Although the condition is thought to follow SARS-CoV-2 viral infection, antigen or antibody tests are not always positive. Exclusion of alternative causes, including bacterial and other infections, is essential for differential diagnosis. Some general clinical guidance has been provided by the RCPCH, the National Institutes of Health, the American College of Rheumatology, and the American Academy of Pediatrics. Limited information exists regarding clinical course of this life-threatening disease, which has occasionally proved fatal. Failure of one or more organs can occur. Early recognition and prompt specialist attention are essential. Supportive care is key. Anti-inflammatory treatments have been used, with good responses being recorded for intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), with or without corticosteroids. Oxygen therapy may be needed, and some children require paediatric intensive care. Clusters of new cases have emerged 2–4 weeks after local peaks in viral transmission. It is thought that the disease may be driven by a delayed biological mechanism in certain predisposed children. The condition is considered rare. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has rated risk to children in Europe as being 'low' overall, based on a 'very low' likelihood of a child developing this 'high impact' disease. Initial reports regarded children in various parts of Europe and the U.S., and it is unclear to what extent the condition has gone unrecognized elsewhere.
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  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
FP-C
The Flight Paramedic Certification (FP-C) is an advanced certification that indicates an individual has attained the designation of Certified Flight Paramedic. The FP-C certification exam is administered by the International Board of Specialty Certification (IBSC) and the Board for Critical Care Transport Paramedic Certification (BCCTPC), a not-for-profit organizations responsible for the administration and development of specialty certification exams for critical care professionals. The test is administered by PSI and Applied Measurement Professionals (AMP) to assure compliance with the highest testing standards. This certification is designed to be successfully approved only for experienced paramedics who have demonstrated advanced knowledge of critical care medicine by passing an exam consisting of 125 scored items and 10 unscored items within a 2.5 hour window. As of February 22, 2018 there are 6458 certified flight paramedics worldwide, 494 of whom hold dual certification as a CCP-C. The FP-C, or CCP-C, and/or Critical Care Emergency Medical Transport Program (CCEMTP) certifications are often a requirement to work as a flight paramedic in the United States. The FP-C does not have an associated course, unlike the CCEMTP, although review courses and study guides available. The FP-C is considered comparable in difficultly to the Critical Care Paramedic Certification (CCP-C). Experience in the air medical or critical care transport fields is recommended before attempting to take the exam. However, there is no minimum education component required, and the examination does not require minimum years of experience, therefore new paramedics who have just completed school are eligible to take the exam and receive certification. In addition, there is no practical skills test associated with the examination, unlike the NREMT paramedic exam. Many agencies may require prospective employees to demonstrate practical competency in other courses (TPATC, ATLS-audit, CCEMTP, etc.) prior to being considered for employment. A candidate must hold a current paramedic license and have active certifications in Basic Life Support (BLS), Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS), Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS), Prehospital Trauma Life Support (PHTLS), and other advanced certifications.
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  • 01 Dec 2022
Biography
Wilhelm Westphal
Wilhelm Heinrich Westphal (3 March 1882, in Hamburg – 5 June 1978, in Berlin) was a Germany physicist. From 1918, he was a professor at the University of Berlin. During the period 1922 to 1924, he was also an expert adviser to the Prussian Ministry of Science, Arts and Culture. From 1928, he was simultaneously a professor at the University of Berlin and the Technical University of Berlin. His
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Wide Band Gap Devices
A decisive property that regulates semiconductor’s electrical and optical properties is the band gap, which is an important physical parameter for designating a wide band gap (WBG) semiconductor, and is defined as the energy needed for electrons to transition to the conduction band from the valence band. The magnetic property of the semiconducting materials also plays an important role for choosing of power devices in terms of energy efficiency with hysteresis and eddy current losses. The WBG semiconductor materials exhibit larger band gaps (2–4 eV) than their silicon (1–1.5 eV) counterparts and offer greater power efficiency, lower overall cost, smaller size, lighter weight, and lower energy consumption. WBG-based components in semiconductor devices permit its operation at high temperatures, which can be problematic when using conventional silicon semiconductors with smaller band gaps. The wider the bandgap, the higher the temperature at which the semiconductor power devices can function.
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  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Hydrogels Combined with Silver Nanoparticles against Antimicrobial Resistance
The development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms has increased dramatically as a natural consequence of the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes that this is one of the top ten global public health threats facing humanity today, demanding urgent multisectoral action. In this sense, metallic nanoparticles (such as silver nanoparticles) have emerged as promising alternatives due to their outstanding antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. The efficient delivery of the nanoparticles (NPs) is also a matter of concern, and studies have demonstrated that hydrogels present an excellent ability to perform this task.
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  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics of Acid Sulphate Soils of Ganges Delta
Soil is a finite natural resource and is indispensable for human civilization because it is the medium for food production for the biosphere. Continued soil degradation is a forerunner of catastrophe for the living world. The protection of healthy soils and the restoration of problem soils are strongly needed in the current agricultural scenario as competition for urbanization and other human needs for land resources limits the scope for the further availability of land for agriculture. Naturally occurring degraded soils, such as acid sulphate soils, can be restored with scientific interventions and advanced management strategies. The Ganges Delta is a densely populated region, where the inhabitants’ major livelihood is agriculture. Soil acidity and salinity restrict crop performance in this coastal region, particularly the acid sulphate soils (ASSs) posing a risk to agriculture. ASSs are developed from land-use changes from mangrove forest to agricultural land in this region. 
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  • 26 Dec 2022
Biography
Emil Fackenheim
Emil Ludwig Fackenheim (22 June 1916 – 18 September 2003) was a noted Jewish philosopher and Reform rabbi.[1] Born in Halle, Germany, he was arrested by Nazis on the night of 9 November 1938, known as Kristallnacht. Briefly interned at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp (1938–1939), he escaped with his younger brother Wolfgang[2] to Great Britain, where his parents later joined him. Emil'
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  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Antimony/Bismuth Chalcohalides
Despite their comparable performance to commercial solar systems, lead-based perovskite (Pb-perovskite) solar cells exhibit limitations including Pb toxicity and instability for industrial applications. To address these issues, two types of Pb-free materials have been proposed as alternatives to Pb-perovskite: perovskite-based and non-perovskite-based materials. In this entry, we briefly introduce the crystal, energy band structures and theoretical insights of Sb/Bi chalcohalides as solar abosrbers.
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  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a brain disorder classified as a psychosis, which means that it affects a person's thinking, sense of self, and perceptions. The disorder typically becomes evident during late adolescence or early adulthood.
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  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Moderate Consumption of Beer
There is growing interest in the potential health-related effects of moderate alcohol consumption and, specifically, of beer. This entry provides an assessment of beer-associated effects on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors to identify a consumption level that can be considered “moderate”. It introduced all prospective clinical studies and systematic reviews that evaluated the health effects of beer published between January 2007 and April 2020. Five of six selected studies found a protective effect of moderate alcohol drinking on cardiovascular disease (beer up to 385 g/week) vs. abstainers or occasional drinkers. Four out of five papers showed an association between moderate alcohol consumption (beer intake of 84 g alcohol/week) and decreased mortality risk. We concluded that moderate beer consumption of up to 16 g alcohol/day (1 drink/day) for women and 28 g/day (1–2 drinks/day) for men is associated with decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease and overall mortality, among other metabolic health benefits. 
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  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Ceramics, Glass and Glass-Ceramics for Personal Radiation Detectors
Different types of ceramics and glass have been extensively investigated due to their application in brachytherapy, radiotherapy, nuclear medicine diagnosis, radioisotope power systems, radiation processing of food, geological and archaeological dating methods. The comparison of the physico-chemical properties shows that glassy materials could be a promising alternative for dosimetry purposes.
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  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Green Diesel Production by Hydrodeoxygenation
Non-renewable fossil fuels and the air pollution associated with their combustion have made it necessary to develop fuels that are environmentally friendly and produced from renewable sources. Vegetable oils are a renewable source widely used to produce biofuels due to their high energy density and similar chemical composition to petroleum derivatives, making them the perfect feedstock for biofuel production. Green diesel and other hydrocarbon biofuels, obtained by the catalytic deoxygenation of vegetable oils, represent a sustainable alternative to mineral diesel, as they have physico-chemical properties similar to derived oil fuels.
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  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate
Human bone marrow (BM) has been highlighted as a promising source of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) containing various growth factors and cytokines that can be potentially utilized in regenerative procedures involving cartilage and bone.
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  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 in Ischemic Stroke
Ischemic stroke causes a heavy health burden worldwide, with over 10 million new cases every year. Despite the high prevalence and mortality rate of ischemic stroke, the underlying molecular mechanisms for the common etiological factors of ischemic stroke and ischemic stroke itself remain unclear, which results in insufficient preventive strategies and ineffective treatments for this devastating disease. The transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 2 (TRPM2), a non-selective ion channel activated by oxidative stress, is actively involved in all the important steps in the etiology and pathology of ischemic stroke. 
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  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Antibacterial Properties of Diverse Cellulose-Based Hydrogels
Pathogens, especially drug-resistant pathogens caused by the abuse of antibiotics, have become a major threat to human health and public health safety. The exploitation and application of new antibacterial agents is extremely urgent. As a natural biopolymer, cellulose has recently attracted much attention due to its excellent hydrophilicity, economy, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In particular, the preparation of cellulose-based hydrogels with excellent structure and properties from cellulose and its derivatives has received increasing attention thanks to the existence of abundant hydrophilic functional groups (such as hydroxyl, carboxy, and aldehyde groups) within cellulose and its derivatives. The cellulose-based hydrogels have broad application prospects in antibacterial-related biomedical fields. 
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  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Staphylococcus schweitzeri
The Staphylococcus aureus-related complex is formed by the Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus schweitzeri, Staphylococcus argenteus, Staphylococcus roterodami and Staphylococcus singaporensis. Within this complex, S. schweitzeri is the only species mainly found in African wildlife, but it is rarely detected as a colonizer in humans or as a contaminant of fomites. The few detections in humans are most likely spillover events after contact with wildlife. However, since S. schweitzeri can be misidentified as S. aureus using culture-based routine techniques, it is likely that S. schweitzeri is under-reported in humans. The low number of isolates in humans, though, is consistent with the fact that the pathogen has typical animal adaptation characteristics (e.g., growth kinetics, lack of immune evasion cluster and antimicrobial resistance); however, evidence from selected in vitro assays (e.g., host cell invasion, cell activation, cytotoxicity) indicate that S. schweitzeri might be as virulent as S. aureus. In this case, contact with animals colonized with S. schweitzeri could constitute a risk for zoonotic infections. 
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  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Personalized Cancer Therapy on Molecular Basis
Personalized cancer therapy is a treatment strategy that takes into account the molecular profile of patients in order to stratify them into groups that are more likely to benefit from different therapeutic approaches. Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. One of the main hallmarks in cancer is the functional deregulation of crucial molecular pathways via driver genetic events that lead to abnormal gene expression, giving cells a selective growth advantage. Driver events are defined as mutations, fusions and copy number alterations that are causally implicated in oncogenesis. Molecular analysis on tissues that have originated from a wide range of anatomical areas has shown that mutations in different members of several pathways are implicated in different cancer types.
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  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Potato Sprout Suppression Using Essential Oils
Potato sprouting during storage is a major problem that leads to lost revenue and food waste. Essential oils can effectively suppress sprouting during storage although their effectiveness depends on potato cultivar, chosen essential oil, storage conditions, and application schemes.
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  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Music Generation of Traditional Chinese Pentatonic Scale
Recent studies demonstrate that algorithmic music attracted global attention not only because of its amusement but also its considerable potential in the industry. Thus, the yield increased academic numbers spinning around on topics of algorithm music generation. The balance between mathematical logic and aesthetic value is important in music generation.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Oct 2022
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