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Potato sprouting during storage is a major problem that leads to lost revenue and food waste. Essential oils can effectively suppress sprouting during storage although their effectiveness depends on potato cultivar, chosen essential oil, storage conditions, and application schemes.
Essential Oil | Temperature (°C) | Combined With | Concentration | Potato Cultivars | Impact on Sprouting | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Garlic (Allium sativum) | 20 | 0.2 mg/mL | ‘Favourita’ | Reduced tuber sprout growth, and downregulated production of a protein involved in seed germination. | [24] | |
21–23 | 2 mL/L | ‘Gudene’, ‘Jalene’ | Reduced sprouting in ‘Jalene’. | [25] | ||
Dill Seed (Anethum graveolens) | 5, 10, 15 | Not specified | ‘Agria’ | More effective than spearmint EO although less effective than caraway EO at suppressing sprouting at higher storage temperatures with an effect similar to that of CIPC. | [26] | |
10 | 25 mL/kg containing 4% dill seed EO, repeated after 5 weeks | ‘Norland’, ‘Snowden’ | Dill seed EO completely inhibited sprouting for 15 weeks in both cultivars with similar efficacy to CIPC and maleic hydrazide. | [27] | ||
Dill Weed (Anethum graveolens) | 20 | 32.5 mg/L airspace | ‘Russet Burbank’, ‘Piccolo’ | Reduced sprout growth by 50% over 29 days with effect similar to that of spearmint EO. | [28] | |
Caraway (Carum carvi) | 5–7 | 100 mL/1000 kg every 6 weeks | ‘Bintje’ | D-carvone derived from caraway EO suppresses sprout growth just as effectively as CIPC for up to 274 days. | [29] | |
10 | 25 mL/kg containing 4% D-carvone, repeated after 5 weeks | ‘Norland’, ‘Snowden’ | D-carvone completely inhibited sprouting for 15 weeks in both cultivars with similar efficacy to CIPC and maleic hydrazide. | [27] | ||
10 | 25 mL/kg containing 4% caraway EO, repeated after 5 weeks | ‘Norland’, ‘Snowden’ | Caraway EO completely inhibited sprouting for 15 weeks in both cultivars with similar efficacy to CIPC and maleic hydrazide. | [27] | ||
5, 10, 15 | Not specified | ‘Agria’ | Caraway EO was more effective than spearmint EO, dill EO, and CIPC at suppressing sprout growth at all three temperatures and could inhibit sprout growth for up to 180 days. | [26] | ||
25 | Not specified | ‘Agria’, ‘Kennebec’ | Moderate inhibitory effect on sprouting compared to untreated tubers, but not as strong as peppermint or coriander EOs. | [30] | ||
Chenopodium ambrosioides | 24 | 0.7 mL/L airspace | Not specified | Suppressed sprout growth for up to 10 weeks. | [31] | |
27 | 0.7 g/L airspace | ‘Russet Burbank’ | Suppressed sprout growth for up to 28 days. | [32] | ||
Orange (Citrus sinensis) | 4.5 | 100 mL/ton (total 900 mL over 9 months) | ‘Maris Piper’, ‘King Edward’, ‘Melody’, ‘Nectar’ | Could achieve similar levels of sprout suppression as continuous ethylene, but only if combined with maleic hydrazide. | [33] | |
8 | 100 mL/ton every 3 weeks for 5 months | ‘Agria’, ‘Verdi’, ‘Innovator’ | ARGOS (orange EO) provides good control of sprouting for up to five months compared to a control, although CIPC was more effective. | [34] | ||
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) | 12 | 0.5 μL/L airspace | ‘Agria’ | Stimulated sprouting of tubers. | [35] | |
12 | 2 μL/L airspace, every four weeks | ‘Agria’ | Sprout suppression for up to 3 months, with a weaker effect than CIPC treatment. | [35] | ||
25 | 230 mL/L of vapor | ‘Agria’, ‘Kennebec’ | Sprout suppression between 65–95% with an effect significantly stronger than that of caraway EO. | [30] | ||
Cymbopogon citratus | 27 | 0.7 g/L airspace | ‘Russet Burbank’ | Suppressed sprout growth for up to 28 days. | [32] | |
Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) | 21–23 | 2 mL/L | ‘Gudene’, ‘Jalene’ | Reduced sprouting in ‘Gudene’. | [25] | |
25 | 200 μL/desiccator | ‘Chipsona’ | Seven-day treatment could inhibit sprouting up to 14 days after treatment. | [17] | ||
Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) | 10 | 30 μL/L airspace, repeated after 35 days | ‘Atlantic’ | Completely suppressed sprout growth for up to 30 days after dormancy break. | [36] | |
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon schoenanthus) | 25 | 200 μL/desiccator | ‘Chipsona’ | Enhanced sprouting with nearly 100% of eye germination a full day earlier than the control. | [17] | |
Lippia multiflora | 24 | 0.7 mL/L airspace | Not specified | Suppressed sprout growth for up to 10 weeks. | [31] | |
27 | 0.7 g/L airspace | ‘Russet Burbank’ | Suppressed sprout growth for up to 28 days. | [32] | ||
Peppermint (Mentha piperita) | Not specified | One pound EO per five tons potato per month | ‘Russet Burbank’ | Equally effective as spearmint EO (although less effective than CIPC) at sprout suppression. | [23] | |
8 | 100 mg/kg | ‘Asterix’ | Menthol reduced sprout length and number for up to 50 days in non-dormant tubers. | [37] | ||
10 | 50 ppm/kg every two weeks | ‘Asante’, ‘Kenya Mypa’, ‘Shangi’ | Suppressed sprouting for 6 or 8 weeks compared to a control depending on cultivar. | [38] | ||
23 | 50 ppm/kg every two weeks | ‘Asante’, ‘Kenya Mypa’, ‘Shangi’ | Suppressed sprouting for 8 weeks compared to a control, but sprouts were longer than those on potatoes stored at 10 °C. | [38] | ||
25 | 155 mL/L of vapor | ‘Agria’, ‘Kennebec’ | Sprout suppression between 65–95% with an effect significantly stronger than that of caraway EO. | [30] | ||
Spearmint (Mentha spicata) | Not specified | One pound EO per five tons potato per month | ‘Russet Burbank’ | Less effective than CIPC treatment, single application can enhance sprouting. | [23] | |
4.5 | 60 mL/ton (total 360 mL over 9 months) | ‘Maris Piper’, ‘King Edward’, ‘Melody’, ‘Nectar’ | Controlled sprouting for all potato cultivars tested, performed equally well as 1,4-DMN and equally if better than CIPC. | [33] | ||
4.5 | Ethylene | Ethylene 10 ppm, spearmint EO 60 mL/ton (total 180 mL over 9 months) | ‘Maris Piper’, ‘King Edward’, ‘Melody’, ‘Nectar’ | Acceptable suppression only possible when combined with maleic hydrazide application. | [33] | |
8 | Initial application of 90 mL/ton followed by 30 mL/ton every three weeks or 45 mL/ton every four weeks (360 mL/ton total) | ‘Agria’, ‘Verdi’, ‘Innovator’ | Biox-M provides good control of sprouting for up to five months compared to a control, although CIPC was more effective. | [34] | ||
8 | Not specified | ‘Bellini’, ‘Mondial’, ‘Désirée’, ‘Karlena’, ‘Eos’, ‘Nicola’, ‘Rodeo’, ‘Winston’ | Monthly applications sufficient to inhibit sprouting in all cultivars tested over six months without significant reductions in salability although very low doses promote earlier axial sprouting, spearmint EO can be washed off with water to nullify its effects. | [39] | ||
7, 9 | Ethylene | Spearmint EO 60 mL/ton (total 360 mL over six months), continuous ethylene | ‘Innovator’, ‘Maris Piper’, ‘Performer’, ‘Royal’, ‘VR808’ | Combination achieved better sprout control than either spearmint EO or ethylene alone but effectiveness depends on cultivar, just as effective or more effective at 7 °C than at 9 °C. | [40] | |
5, 10, 15 | Not specified | ‘Agria’ | Efficacy of spearmint EO on sprouting decreases with increasing storage temperatures. | [26] | ||
20 | 21.5 mg/L airspace | ‘Russet Burbank’, ‘Piccolo’ | 50% reduction in sprout growth over a 29-day period. | [28] | ||
Black Spruce (Picea mariana) | Not specified | 25% (w/w) | ‘Colomba’ | Suppresses sprout growth just as effectively as CIPC over 4 weeks when potatoes are stored at room temperature. | [41] | |
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) | 21–23 | 2 mL/L | ‘Gudene’, ‘Jalene’ | Reduced sprouting in ‘Jalene’. | [25] | |
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) | Not specified | 0.52 lb/5 tons potato | ‘Russet Burbank’ | Could achieve significant sprout control compared to untreated potatoes for up to 24 weeks. | [23] | |
Not specified | Initial application at 90 ppm followed by 30 ppm application three weeks later | Not specified | Achieved acceptable sprout suppression for 60 days. | [11] | ||
8 | 100 mg/kg | ‘Asterix’ | Eugenol reduced sprout length and number for up to 50 days in non-dormant tubers. | [37] | ||
10 | 120 or 240 mg/L airspace | ‘Russet Burbank’, ‘Piccolo’ | Biox-C application caused high levels of sprouting in the first week followed by bud necrosis and sprout suppression for up to 19 weeks. | [28] | ||
25 | 200 μL/desiccator | ‘Chipsona’ | Enhanced sprouting with nearly 100% of eye germination a full day earlier than the control. | [17] | ||
Thymus schimperi | 21–23 | 2 mL/L | ‘Gudene’, ‘Jalene’ | Reduced sprouting in ‘Gudene’. | [25] | |
Ajwain (Trachyspernun ammi) | 25 | 200 μL/desiccator | ‘Chipsona’ | Seven-day treatment could inhibit sprouting up to 30 days after treatment. | [17] | |
Zingiber officinale | 27 | 0.7 g/L airspace | ‘Russet Burbank’ | Suppressed sprout growth for up to 28 days, with a stronger effect than C. ambrosioides, L. multiflora, or C. citratus. | [32] |
This entry is adapted from 10.3390/su14116382