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Topic Review
Fiber-Optical Sensors for Bio-Mechatronics Applications
Bio-mechatronics is an interdisciplinary scientific field that emphasizes the integration of biology and mechatronics to discover innovative solutions for numerous biomedical applications. The broad application spectrum of bio-mechatronics consists of minimally invasive surgeries, rehabilitation, development of prosthetics, and soft wearables to find engineering solutions for the human body. Fiber-optic-based sensors have become an indispensable part of bio-mechatronics systems, which are essential for position detection and control, monitoring measurements, compliance control, and various feedback applications. 
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Seed Priming against Environmental Stresses
Drastic climate changes over the years have triggered environmental challenges for wild plants and crops due to fluctuating weather patterns worldwide. This has caused different types of stressors, responsible for a decrease in plant life and biological productivity, with consequent food shortages, especially in areas under threat of desertification. Nanotechnology-based approaches have great potential in mitigating environmental stressors, thus fostering a sustainable agriculture. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have demonstrated to be biostimulants as well as remedies to both environmental and biotic stresses. Their administration in the early sowing stages, i.e., seed priming, proved to be effective in improving germination rate, seedling and plant growth and in ameliorating the indicators of plants’ well-being. Seed nano-priming acts through several mechanisms such as enhanced nutrients uptake, improved antioxidant properties, ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation. The target for seed priming by ZnO NPs is mostly crops of large consumption or staple food, in order to meet the increased needs of a growing population and the net drop of global crop frequency, due to climate changes and soil contaminations. 
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Amino Acids Biostimulants and Protein Hydrolysates
The effects of different types of biostimulants on crops include improving the visual quality of the final products, stimulating the immune systems of plants, inducing the biosynthesis of plant defensive biomolecules, removing heavy metals from contaminated soil, improving crop performance, reducing leaching, improving root development and seed germination, inducing tolerance to abiotic and biotic stressors, promoting crop establishment and increasing nutrient-use efficiency. Protein hydrolysates are mixtures of polypeptides and free amino acids resulting from enzymatic and chemical hydrolysis of agro-industrial protein by-products obtained from animal or plant origins, and they are able to alleviate environmental stress effects, improve growth, and promote crop productivity. Amino acids involve various advantages such as increased yield and yield components, increased nutrient assimilation and stress tolerance, and improved yield components and quality characteristics.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Thermosensitive Liposomal Doxorubicin
Thermo-sensitive liposomes (TSLs) offer the most promising approach for more efficient doxorubicin (DOX) delivery to the tumor at mild hyperthermic temperatures (39-42 ̊C)
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Invasion of Embryo’s Nutritional
Historically, invasion of placental trophoblasts was thought to be extremely specific, only invading into the connective tissues of the maternal uterus finally reaching and transforming the uterine spiral arteries. Only recently, identification of new routes of trophoblast invasion into different structures of the maternal uterus has been achieved. Thorough morphological analysis has resulted in the identification of trophoblasts invading into glands, veins and lymph vessels of the uterine wall. These new routes pave the way for a re-evaluation of trophoblast invasion during normal placental development. Of course, such new routes of trophoblast invasion may well be altered, especially in pregnancy pathologies such as intra-uterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, early and recurrent pregnancy loss, stillbirth and spontaneous abortion. Maybe one or more of these pregnancy pathologies show alterations in different pathways of trophoblast invasion and thus, etiologies may need to be redefined and new therapies may be developed.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Heavy Metals Bioremediation
Cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) are heavy metals that have been classified as priority pollutants in aqueous environment while methane-oxidizing bacteria as a biofilter arguably consume up to 90% of the produced methane in the same aqueous environment before it escapes into the atmosphere. However, the underlying kinetics and active methane oxidizers are poorly understood for the hotspot of epipelon that provides a unique micro-ecosystem containing diversified guild of microorganisms including methane oxidizers for potential bioremediation of heavy metals. In the present study, the Pb2+, Cd2+and Cr6+ bioremediation potential of epipelon biofilm was assessed under both high (120,000 ppm) and near-atmospheric (6 ppm) methane concentrations. Epipelon biofilm demonstrated a high methane oxidation activity following microcosm incubation amended with a high concentration of methane, accompanied by the complete removal of 50 mg L−1 Pb2+ and 50 mg L−1 Cd2+ (14 days) and partial (20%) removal of 50 mg L−1 Cr6+ after 20 days. High methane dose stimulated a faster (144 h earlier) heavy metal removal rate compared to near-atmospheric methane concentrations. DNA-based stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) following 13CH4 microcosm incubation revealed the growth and activity of different phylotypes of methanotrophs during the methane oxidation and heavy metal removal process. High throughput sequencing of 13C-labelled particulate methane monooxygenase gene pmoA and 16S rRNA genes revealed that the prevalent active methane oxidizers were type I affiliated methanotrophs, i.e., Methylobacter. Type II methanotrophs including Methylosinus and Methylocystis were also labeled only under high methane concentrations. These results suggest that epipelon biofilm can serve as an important micro-environment to alleviate both methane emission and the heavy metal contamination in aqueous ecosystems with constant high methane fluxes.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Point of Care Diagnostics
Point of care (PoC) diagnostics have been a hot topic for many decades now. In high-income countries they have the potential to streamline diagnostics, making healthcare more personal, cheaper, faster and more efficient in general. However, in resource-limited settings such as low-income countries, the need for PoC implementation is much more pronounced as professional laboratories are often hours away from patients which makes it hard to accurately diagnose them. Therefore, research on and implementation of PoC diagnostics in local health care systems in LICs will be essential in order to alleviate suffering due to infectious disease. This entry discusses the entire value chain of the development of PoC diagnostic tool. Bottlenecks that hinder the implementation of PoC in LICs are highlighted at every step of the value chain. We will provide examples of PoC success stories to illustrate how potential bottlenecks can be overcome. Finally, the entry provides a recommendation on how we can avoid these typical ‘leaks in the pipeline’ in the future and prevent a promising technology being abandoned before it can even have an impact on healthcare. 
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Genetic Susceptibility to AKI
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a widely held concern related to a substantial burden of morbidity, mortality and expenditure in the healthcare system. AKI is not a simple illness but a complex conglomeration of syndromes that often occurs as part of other syndromes in its wide clinical spectrum of the disease. Genetic factors have been suggested as potentially responsible for its susceptibility and severity.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Mobile Communications for Tourism&Hospitality
As the fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication technology captures public attention, reviewing the first to fourth generations with the anticipated implications of 5G and afterward, and future research would present a useful value to the literature. This study uses a systematic content analysis methodology to provide a comprehensive and interdisciplinary review of mobile communication research in tourism and hospitality to help academic researchers and industry practitioners understand the research area. The study also analyzes the future changes that mobile communication technologies and their applications will bring to tourism and hospitality research trends and industry practices. 
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
UBR Box-Containing E3 Ligases
UBR box E3 ligases, also called N-recognins, are integral components of the N-degron pathway. Representative N-recognins include UBR1, UBR2, UBR4, and UBR5, and they bind destabilizing N-terminal residues, termed N-degrons. Understanding the molecular bases of their substrate recognition and the biological impact of the clearance of their substrates on cellular signaling pathways can provide valuable insights into the regulation of these pathways.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Ejaculatory Abstinence Interval
A shorter than routinely recommended at present (up to seven days based on the WHO Manual) ejaculatory abstinence interval may result in improved sperm parameters, such as sperm DNA fragmentation, progressive motility or morphology with a potential clinical benefit in IVF/ICSI cycles. In this regard, patients should be discouraged from abstaining for a prolonged time due to the potential negative impact on both semen parameters and clinical outcomes. Further studies to better define the optimum abstinence interval within the SAP are urgently warranted.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Microglia and Macrophages as Emerging Therapies for Stroke
The mechanisms underlying the involvement of microglia and macrophages in both neuroprotection and neurogenesis after stroke are widely acknowledged as having a role in ischemic stroke pathology Since microglia and macrophages are regarded as major players in the pathological progression of ischemic stroke, modulating inflammation and neurological recovery is a hopeful strategy for treating the long-term outcomes after ischemic injury. 
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Reticulocyte Maturation
Reticulocyte maturation begins after enucleation in the bone marrow. In rats, reticulocytes reside in the bone marrow from 6.5–17 hrs depending on the blood demand. These reticulocytes are termed as R1 and are characterized for their multi-lobular shape and their motility. The final stages of maturation occur during circulation where macrophages residing in the spleen may facilitate the process. These reticulocytes in circulation are termed as R2, are non-motile and have a “deep-dish” shape”. As part of their maturation, reticulocytes need to remove or degrade residual organelles and RNA. In addition, the reticulocyte must reduce its surface area and volume. On average, labelled baboon reticulocytes showed a reduction of 20% of their surface area and 15% of their volume after the first 24 h in circulation; at this point they showed a similar size distribution to that of mature RBC.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Small Molecule Deubiquitinase Enzymes Inhibitors
Ubiquitination is reversed by the activity of deubiquitinase enzymes (DUBs). About 100 human DUBs are known, and they are divided into seven major families: the cysteine proteases of the USP (ubiquitin-specific proteases), UCH (ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases), OTU (ovarian tumor), MJD (Machado-Joseph domain-containing proteases), MINDY (motif interacting with the Ub-containing novel DUB family), and ZUFSP (zinc finger with the UFM1-specific peptidase domain protein) families and the Zn-dependent metalloproteases of the JAMM (JAB1/MPN/MOV34 domain-associated) family. DUBs play a role in seemingly every biological process and are central to many human pathologies, thus rendering them very desirable and challenging therapeutic targets. Despite significant drug discovery efforts, only approximately 15 chemical probe-quality small molecule inhibitors have been reported, hitting just 6 of about 100 known DUBs.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Applications of High Molecular Weight Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), commonly known as plexiglass, is a kind of polymer synthesized by free radical polymerization, ionic polymerization and coordination polymerization. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is widely used in aviation, architecture, medical treatment, optical instruments and other fields because of its good transparency, chemical stability and electrical insulation.
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Wnt Signaling in Pain
The heterogeneity of Wnt signaling starts with the ligand itself. There are 19 members of the Wnt family in humans and rodents, each one with a different expression pattern and function. These ligands bind different kinds of receptors: the classical Frizzled (Fzd) receptors (a family of G protein-coupled receptors that comprises 10 members in vertebrates), which are frequently associated with co-receptors, such as low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6), the RTKs, receptor-like tyrosine kinase (Ryk), receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (Ror2), protein-tyrosine kinase-7 (PKT7), and muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), or proteoglycans. Usually, many ligands can bind the same receptor and one ligand can bind different receptors, increasing the complexity of Wnt signaling.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Low-Temperature Pretreatment of Biomass for Enhancing Biogas Production
Low-temperature pretreatment (LTPT, Temp. < 100 °C or 140 °C) has the advantages of low input, simplicity, and energy saving, which makes engineering easy to use for improving biogas production. However, compared with high-temperature pretreatment (>150 °C) that can destroy recalcitrant polymerized matter in biomass, the action mechanism of heat treatment of biomass is unclear. Improving LTPT on biogas yield is often influenced by feedstock type, treatment temperature, exposure time, and fermentation conditions. Such as, even when belonging to the same algal biomass, the response to LTPT varies between species. Therefore, forming a unified method for LTPT to be applied in practice is difficult.
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Global Warming and Dairy Cattle
Concerns about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock and dairy farms, as well as their connection to global warming and climate change, have grown among the general public worldwide in recent years. Enteric methane (CH4) and other greenhouse gas emissions from ruminants can be mitigated in numerous ways.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
SIGKDD
SIGKDD is the Association for Computing Machinery's (ACM) Special Interest Group (SIG) on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. It became an official ACM SIG in 1998.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Pluripotent Stem Cells in Livestock and Wildlife
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology is an emerging technique to reprogram somatic cells into iPSCs that have revolutionary benefits in the fields of drug discovery, cellular therapy, and personalized medicine. In both mice and humans, embryonic stem cell lines (ESCs) have been established. However, this is not the case for farm and wild animals. Cryopreservation is an important and useful approach to preserve endangered wild and domestic species as well as their genetic material. Several studies have shown the potential of iPSCs to prevent the extinction of several valuable species, such as the snow leopard, Bengal tiger, drill monkey, and white rhinoceros
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Nov 2022
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