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Topic Review
PKGIβ/IRAG1 Signaling
Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor-associated cGMP kinase substrate 1 (IRAG1) is a substrate protein of the NO/cGMP-signaling pathway and forms a ternary complex with the cGMP-dependent protein kinase Iβ (PKGIβ) and the inositol triphosphate receptor I (IP3R-I).
  • 905
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Tunicamycin in Breast Cancer Research
Tunicamycin is a small biological molecule, that blocks a specific step of the protein N-glycosylation pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), i.e., the catalytic activity of N-acetylglusosaminyl 1-phosphate transferase (GPT).
  • 905
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Salivary Metabolomics for Oral Cancer Detection
The development of low- or non-invasive screening tests for cancer is crucial for early detection. Saliva is an ideal biofluid containing informative components for monitoring oral and systemic diseases. Metabolomics has frequently been used to identify and quantify numerous metabolites in saliva samples, serving as novel biomarkers associated with various conditions, including cancers. 
  • 905
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The Complement System, Aging, and Aging-Related Diseases
The complement system is a part of the immune system and consists of multiple complement components with biological functions such as defense against pathogens and immunomodulation. The complement system has three activation pathways: the classical pathway, the lectin pathway, and the alternative pathway. Increasing evidence indicates that the complement system plays a role in aging. Complement plays a role in inflammatory processes, metabolism, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and Wnt signaling pathways. In addition, the complement system plays a significant role in aging-related diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, age-related macular degeneration, and osteoarthritis. However, the effect of complement on aging and aging-related diseases is still unclear. Thus, a better understanding of the potential relationship between complement, aging, and aging-related diseases will provide molecular targets for treating aging, while focusing on the balance of complement in during treatment. Inhibition of a single component does not result in a good outcome. 
  • 904
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Asparagine Endopeptidase in Tumors Progression
Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), also called legumain, is currently the only known cysteine protease that specifically cleaves peptide bonds in asparaginyl residue in the mammalian genome. Since 2003, AEP has been reported to be widely expressed in a variety of carcinomas and is considered a potential therapeutic target. In the following years, researchers intensively investigated the substrates of AEP and the mechanism of AEP in partial tumors. With the identification of substrate proteins such as P53, integrin αvβ3, MMP-2, MMP-9, the biochemical mechanism of AEP in carcinomas is also more precise. This review will clarify the probable mechanisms of AEP in the progression of breast carcinoma, glioblastoma, gastric carcinoma, and epithelial ovarian carcinoma.  This review will also discuss the feasibility of targeted therapy with AEP inhibitor (AEPI) in these carcinomas.
  • 903
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Health Benefits of Curcumin
Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid found in the rhizomes of turmeric. Due to its therapeutic action against cancer, depression, diabetes, some bacteria, and oxidative stress, it has been used widely in medicine since ancient times.
  • 903
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Direct Targeting of Myofibroblast Pathways with Peptides
Myofibroblasts are the principal effector cells driving fibrosis, and their accumulation in tissues is a fundamental feature of fibrosis. Essential pathways have been identified as being central to promoting myofibroblast differentiation, revealing multiple targets for intervention. Compared with large proteins and antibodies, peptide-based therapies have transpired to serve as biocompatible and cost-effective solutions to exert biomimicry, agonistic, and antagonistic activities with a high degree of targeting specificity and selectivity. 
  • 903
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Kv1 Complex
The clustering of Kv1.1/Kv1.2 channels at the axon initial segment and juxtaparanodes is based on interactions with cell adhesion molecules and cytoskeletal linkers. 
  • 902
  • 16 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2)
Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) is a serine-threonine kinase that phosphorylates various transcriptional and chromatin regulators, thus modulating numerous important cellular processes, such as proliferation, apoptosis, DNA damage response, and oxidative stress. The role of HIPK2 in the pathogenesis of cancer and fibrosis is well established, and evidence of its involvement in the physiological homeostasis of multiple organs has been recently emerging. 
  • 902
  • 23 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Implications for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a type of cancer that arises in the exocrine glands of the pancreas and comprises over 90% of pancreatic malignancies. Currently the 11th most common cancer worldwide, PDAC is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths and is on track to move to second place by 2030. Despite the high prevalence, therapeutic options remain limited, with only modest improvements in overall survival (OS) occurring over the past 50 years.
  • 902
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Modification of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase with Nitric Oxide
One of the main targets of NO in cells is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which is due to the presence of a highly reactive cysteine residue in the active center of this protein, as well as to the high content of this protein in all cells. The main products of GAPDH modification with nitric oxide are S-nitrosylated GAPDH and S-sulfenated GAPDH (GAPDH-SNO and GAPDH-SOH, respectively). Modification of GAPDH with nitric oxide is of particular interest due to the fact that it causes the accumulation of GAPDH in the nucleus and induction of apoptosis. According to the most popular hypothesis, a wide range of apoptotic stimuli augment NO production in the cells, GAPDH is nitrosylated by NO, which leads to inactivation of the protein and to conformational changes in its molecule. These alterations facilitate the binding of GAPDH with the E3-ubiquitin-ligase Siah1. Siah1, which possesses a nuclear localization signal (NLS), translocates GAPDH to the nucleus and stimulates a cascade of apoptotic reactions. However, the molecular mechanisms of this signaling pathway have not yet been studied in detail. There are no direct data on the selective interaction of the S-nitrosylated GAPDH with Siah1. It cannot be excluded that any modifications of the catalytic cysteine residue, which are accompanied by a weakening of interactions between the enzyme and NAD+, lead to a change in the conformation of GAPDH, and stimulate its binding to some partner proteins—in particular, Siah1.
  • 902
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Polyvalent Role of NF90 in RNA Biology
Double-stranded RNA-binding proteins (dsRBPs) are major players in the regulation of gene expression patterns. Among them, Nuclear Factor 90 (NF90) has a plethora of well-known functions in viral infection, transcription, and translation as well as RNA stability and degradation. In addition, NF90 has been identified as a regulator of microRNA (miRNA) maturation by competing with Microprocessor for the binding of pri-miRNAs in the nucleus. NF90 was recently shown to control the biogenesis of a subset of human miRNAs, which ultimately influences, not only the abundance, but also the expression of the host gene and the fate of the mRNA target repertoire.
  • 902
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Macrophages in Diabetic Wounds Healing
Macrophages play a prominent role in wound healing. In the early stages, they promote inflammation and remove pathogens, wound debris, and cells that have apoptosed. Later in the repair process, they dampen inflammation and secrete factors that regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, leading to neovascularisation and wound closure. The macrophages that coordinate this repair process are complex: they originate from different sources and have distinct phenotypes with diverse functions that act at various times in the repair process. Macrophages in individuals with diabetes are altered, displaying hyperresponsiveness to inflammatory stimulants and increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. They also have a reduced ability to phagocytose pathogens and efferocytose cells that have undergone apoptosis. This leads to a reduced capacity to remove pathogens and, as efferocytosis is a trigger for their phenotypic switch, it reduces the number of M2 reparative macrophages in the wound. This can lead to diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) forming and contributes to their increased risk of not healing and becoming infected, and potentially, amputation. 
  • 901
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
NF-κB as CRC Promising Biomarkers
From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer, refers to cancers that originate in the colon or rectum. This is further defined by the positioning of the cancer, dictating whether it is termed colon cancer or rectum cancer. Biomarkers play an important role in the early diagnosis and targeted treatment of CRC. Biomarkers of CRC can be widely characterized into two major groups: diagnostic and clinical biomarkers. NF-κB comprises a family of five transcription factors that regulate the expression of a variety of genes involved in several biological processes. These processes include inflammation, cellular development and differentiation, cell cycle progression, cell migration and so on. As a major nexus of inflammation and cancer, NF-κB signaling has been reported to be extensively implicated in CRC progression. From the formation of polyps to the development of an invasive adenocarcinoma, NF-κB has been shown to play a role in multiple stages of malignancy development in the colon.
  • 900
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Function of Defensive Molecules Momilactones A and B
Labdane-related diterpenoids, momilactones A and B were isolated and identified in rice husks in 1973 and later found in rice leaves, straws, roots, root exudate, other several Poaceae species and the moss species Calohypnum plumiforme. Momilactones in rice plants suppressed the growth of fungal pathogens, indicating the defense function against pathogen attacks. Rice plants also inhibited the growth of adjacent competitive plants through the root secretion of momilactones into their rhizosphere due to the potent growth-inhibitory activity of momilactones, indicating a function in allelopathy.
  • 900
  • 30 Mar 2023
Topic Review
γ-Secretase
γ-Secretase is an aspartyl protease.
  • 899
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Microbe-Associated Bone Cell Differentiation
Gut microbiota has emerged as an important regulator of bone homeostasis. In particular, the modulation of innate immunity and bone homeostasis is mediated through the interaction between microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and the host pattern recognition receptors including Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains. Pathogenic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Staphylococcus aureus tend to induce bone destruction and cause various inflammatory bone diseases including periodontal diseases, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis. On the other hand, probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species can prevent bone loss. In addition, bacterial metabolites and various secretory molecules such as short chain fatty acids and cyclic nucleotides can also affect bone homeostasis.
  • 899
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Dietary Supplement and Food Contaminations
The identification of a doping agent (or its metabolite) in sports drug testing samples constitutes a violation of the anti-doping rules defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Reasons for such Adverse Analytical Findings (AAFs) include the intentional misuse of performance-enhancing/banned drugs; however, also the scenario of inadvertent administrations of doping agents was proven in the past, caused by, amongst others, the ingestion of contaminated dietary supplements, drugs, or food. Even though controversial positions concerning the effectiveness of dietary supplements in healthy subjects exist, they are frequently used by athletes, anticipating positive effects on health, recovery, and performance. However, most supplement users are unaware of the fact that the administration of such products can be associated with unforeseeable health risks and AAFs in sports. In particular anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and stimulants have been frequently found as undeclared ingredients of dietary supplements, either as a result of cross-contaminations due to substandard manufacturing practices and missing quality controls or an intentional admixture to increase the effectiveness of the preparations. In addition, food was found to be a potential source of unintentional doping, the most prominent example being meat tainted with the anabolic agent clenbuterol.
  • 899
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
ceRNA Regulate Alternative Splicing in Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer (CC) is the primary cause of female cancer fatalities in low-middle-income countries (LMICs). Through their interaction with mRNA, non-coding RNAs form a network of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), which regulate gene expression and promote cervical cancer development and advancement. The dysregulated expression of non-coding RNAs is an understudied and tangled process that promotes cervical cancer development. The ceRNA network hypothesizes that RNA transcripts with miRNA response elements (MREs) can sequester from other targets, thus regulating their expression and cellular processes. CircRNA and lncRNA competitively bind to miRNAs and regulate downstream gene expression, forming the ceRNA regulatory axis.
  • 899
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
GNL3 and PA2G4 as Prostate Cancer Prognostic Biomarkers
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein-like 3 (GNL3) and proliferation-associated protein 2G4 (PA2G4) are molecules involved during metaphase-to-anaphase transition and growth regulation. GNL3 and PA2G4 have been found to be overexpressed in several human cancers, including prostate cancer. Clinical data suggest that GNL3 and PA2G4 could be developed as prognostic biomarkers of clinical significance in prostate cancer.
  • 899
  • 03 Jul 2023
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