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Topic Review
Head-On Soccer
Head-On Soccer[lower-alpha 1] is a soccer video game originally developed and published by U.S. Gold for the Sega Genesis in 1995. Featuring an arcade-style approach to soccer compared to other titles that were released at the time, Head-On Soccer allows players to have the choice of playing across any of the game modes available against with either CPU-controlled opponents or other players with the team of their choosing. Initially launched for the Genesis, it was then released on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System a few months after the original version and was later ported to the Atari Jaguar in December of the same year under the name Fever Pitch Soccer, which was the title of the game on PAL territories. Head-On Soccer received generally positive reception from critics since its release on the Sega Genesis, with praise towards the graphics, sound, gameplay and the ability to upgrade the various abilities of the team players upon winning matches. The Super NES version also received positive reception, with praise to the improved graphics and sound from the Genesis original while the Jaguar version, though criticized for not taking advantage of the hardware and its similarity with the 16-bit versions, was generally well-received and considered by some reviewers as one of the better titles for the system. Critics, however, compared the game with both the FIFA series from Electronic Arts and the original International Superstar Soccer from Konami.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Personally Identifiable Information
Personal information, described in United States legal fields as either personally identifiable information (PII), or sensitive personal information (SPI), as used in information security and privacy laws, is information that can be used on its own or with other information to identify, contact, or locate a single person, or to identify an individual in context. The abbreviation PII is widely accepted in the U.S. context, but the phrase it abbreviates has four common variants based on personal / personally, and identifiable / identifying. Not all are equivalent, and for legal purposes the effective definitions vary depending on the jurisdiction and the purposes for which the term is being used. (In other countries with privacy protection laws derived from the OECD privacy principles, the term used is more often "personal information", which may be somewhat broader: in Australia's Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) "personal information" also includes information from which the person's identity is "reasonably ascertainable", potentially covering some information not covered by PII.) Under European and other data protection regimes, which centre primarily around the General Data Protection Regulation, the term "personal data" is significantly broader, and determines the scope of the regulatory regime. NIST Special Publication 800-122 defines PII as "any information about an individual maintained by an agency, including (1) any information that can be used to distinguish or trace an individual's identity, such as name, social security number, date and place of birth, mother's maiden name, or biometric records; and (2) any other information that is linked or linkable to an individual, such as medical, educational, financial, and employment information." So, for example, a user's IP address is not classed as PII on its own, but is classified as linked PII. The concept of PII has become prevalent as information technology and the Internet have made it easier to collect PII leading to a profitable market in collecting and reselling PII. PII can also be exploited by criminals to stalk or steal the identity of a person, or to aid in the planning of criminal acts. As a response to these threats, many website privacy policies specifically address the gathering of PII, and lawmakers have enacted a series of legislation to limit the distribution and accessibility of PII. However, PII is a legal concept, not a technical concept, and as noted, it is not utilised in all jurisdictions. Because of the versatility and power of modern re-identification algorithms, the absence of PII data does not mean that the remaining data does not identify individuals. While some attributes may not be uniquely identifying on their own, any attribute can be potentially identifying in combination with others. These attributes have been referred to as quasi-identifiers or pseudo-identifiers. While such data may not constitute PII in the United States, it is highly likely to remain personal data under European data protection law.
  • 1.5K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hybrid Material-Based Chemiresistive Sensors
Development of hybrid materials, especially inorganic–organic materials, coordination polymers, conducting polymers, carbon materials, and many more, has produced breakthroughs in diverse applications. Various advance materials have been reported in the literature using metal organic frameworks (MOFs), which compensate for the limitations of sensors. 
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cell Autonomous Mechanisms in Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) affect millions of people worldwide, and as the average human lifespan increases, similarly grows the number of patients. Cognitive and motoric decline has been explained by the very apparent deterioration of neurons in various regions of the brain and spinal cord. However, more studies show that disease progression is greatly influenced by the vast population of glial cells. Astrocytes are traditionally considered star-shaped cells on which neurons rely heavily for their optimal homeostasis and survival. Increasing amounts of evidence depict how astrocytes lose their supportive functions while simultaneously gaining toxic properties during neurodegeneration. 
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Oromucosal Administration of Oxytocin: The Development of ‘Oxipops’
The neuropeptide oxytocin is synthesized by cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei and transported to the posterior pituitary for release into the blood, where it is most well-known for acting on smooth muscle to stimulate uterine contractions during labor and milk-ejection from the breast. The role of the hypothalamic neuropeptide oxytocin in influencing the brain and behavior has been the subject of widespread research due, most notably, to its reported involvement in promoting social cognition and motivation, reducing anxiety, and relieving pain. It is also increasingly being considered as an important therapeutic intervention in a variety of disorders with social dysfunction as a symptom.  There is increasing evidence that many of its functional effects can be peripherally mediated via increasing its concentration in the blood. This has opened up an oromucosal administration route as an alternative, which is beneficial since the oral consumption of peptides is problematic due to their rapid breakdown in the acidic environment of the gastrointestinal system. 
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Satellite System
A satellite system is a set of gravitationally bound objects in orbit around a planetary mass object (incl. sub-brown dwarfs and rogue planets) or minor planet, or its barycenter. Generally speaking, it is a set of natural satellites (moons), although such systems may also consist of bodies such as circumplanetary disks, ring systems, moonlets, minor-planet moons and artificial satellites any of which may themselves have satellite systems of their own (see Subsatellites). Some bodies also possess quasi-satellites that have orbits gravitationally influenced by their primary, but are generally not considered to be part of a satellite system. Satellite systems can have complex interactions including magnetic, tidal, atmospheric and orbital interactions such as orbital resonances and libration. Individually major satellite objects are designated in Roman numerals. Satellite systems are referred to either by the possessive adjectives of their primary (e.g. "Jovian system"), or less commonly by the name of their primary (e.g. "Jupiter system"). Where only one satellite is known, or it is a binary with a common centre of gravity, it may be referred to using the hyphenated names of the primary and major satellite (e.g. the "Earth-Moon system"). Many Solar System objects are known to possess satellite systems, though their origin is still unclear. Notable examples include the largest satellite system, the Jovian system, with 80 known moons (including the large Galilean moons) and the Saturnian System with 83 known moons (and the most visible ring system in the Solar System). Both satellite systems are large and diverse. In fact all of the giant planets of the Solar System possess large satellite systems as well as planetary rings, and it is inferred that this is a general pattern. Several objects farther from the Sun also have satellite systems consisting of multiple moons, including the complex Plutonian system where multiple objects orbit a common center of mass, as well as many asteroids and plutinos. Apart from the Earth-Moon system and Mars' system of two tiny natural satellites, the other terrestrial planets are generally not considered satellite systems, although some have been orbited by artificial satellites originating from Earth. Little is known of satellite systems beyond the Solar System, although it is inferred that natural satellites are common. J1407b is an example of an extrasolar satellite system. It is also theorised that Rogue planets ejected from their planetary system could retain a system of satellites.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Transporter Protein Families
Mitochondrial carriers facilitate the transfer of small molecules across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) to support mitochondrial function and core cellular processes. In addition to the classical SLC25 (solute carrier family 25) mitochondrial carriers, the past decade has led to the discovery of additional protein families with numerous members that exhibit IMM localization and transporter-like properties. These include mitochondrial pyruvate carriers, sideroflexins, and mitochondrial cation/H+ exchangers. These transport proteins were linked to vital physiological functions and disease.
  • 1.5K
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Supramolecular Chemistry: Host–Guest Molecular Complexes
The host–guest (HG) interactions in two-dimensional (2D) permeable porous linkages are growing expeditiously due to their future applications in biocatalysis, separation technology, or nanoscale patterning. In host–guest (HG) interaction, distinctive structural complexes development occurs via non-covalent associations. There is a growing curiosity in executing supramolecular HG structures for assembling organic solvents and aqueous solutions on compact planes.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Ovarian Organogenesis along the Cortical–Medullary Axis in Mammals
In most mammals, the sex of the gonads is based on the fate of the supporting cell lineages, which arises from the proliferation of coelomic epithelium (CE) that surfaces on the bipotential genital ridge in both XY and XX embryos. Genetic studies and single-cell transcriptome analyses in mice have revealed the cellular and molecular events in the two-wave proliferation of the CE that produce the supporting cells. This proliferation contributes to the formation of the primary sex cords in the medullary region of both the testis and the ovary at the early phase of gonadal sex differentiation, as well as to that of the secondary sex cords in the cortical region of the ovary at the perinatal stage. To support gametogenesis, the testis forms seminiferous tubules in the medullary region, whereas the ovary forms follicles mainly in the cortical region. The medullary region in the ovary exhibits morphological and functional diversity among mammalian species that ranges from ovary-like to testis-like characteristics. 
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cerebral Ischemia
Cerebral ischemia represents the third cause of death and the first cause of disability in adults. This process results from decreasing cerebral blood flow levels as a result of the occlusion of a major cerebral artery. This restriction in blood supply generates low levels of oxygen and glucose, which leads to a decrease in the energy metabolism of the cell, producing inflammation, and finally, neurological deterioration. Currently, blood restoration of flow is the only effective approach as a therapy in terms of ischemic stroke. However, a significant number of patients still have a poor prognosis, probably owing to the increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the reperfusion of damaged tissue. Oxidative stress and inflammation can be avoided by modulating mitochondrial function and have been identified as potential targets for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. In recent years, the beneficial actions of flavonoids and polyphenols against cerebrovascular diseases have been extensively investigated. The use of resveratrol (RSV) has been shown to markedly decrease brain damage caused by ischemia in numerous studies. According to in vitro and in vivo experiments, there is growing evidence that RSV is involved in several pathways, including cAMP/AMPK/SIRT1 regulation, JAK/ERK/STAT signaling pathway modulation, TLR4 signal transduction regulation, gut/brain axis modulation, GLUT3 up-regulation inhibition, neuronal autophagy activation, and de novo SUR1 expression inhibition.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Graphene-Metal Oxide Semiconductor Nanocomposite
Graphene is one of the most favorite materials for materials science research owing to its distinctive chemical and physical properties, such as superior conductivity, extremely larger specific surface area, and good mechanical/chemical stability with the flexible monolayer structure. Graphene is considered as a supreme matrix and electron arbitrator of semiconductor nanoparticles for environmental pollution remediation.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Ubiquitination of ETS Transcription Factors
Genome expansion, whole genome and gene duplication events during metazoan evolution produced an extensive family of ETS genes whose members express transcription factors with a conserved winged helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain. Key determinants of the cellular repertoire of ETS proteins are their stability and turnover, controlled largely by the actions of selective E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases. Here we discuss the known relationships between ETS proteins and enzymes that determine their ubiquitin status, their integration with other developmental signal transduction pathways and how suppression of ETS protein ubiquitination contributes to the malignant cell phenotype in multiple cancers.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Railway Transportation Sector
A wide analysis is presented, detecting which are the main measures adopted for improving the efficiency, related to the power systems for supplying trains and to the train traffic control, with a focus on the storage system integration.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
HSAN IE
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IE (HSAN IE) is a disorder that affects the nervous system. It is characterized by three main features: hearing loss, a decline of intellectual function (dementia), and a worsening loss of sensation in the feet and legs (peripheral neuropathy).
  • 1.5K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Bionanotechnology in Food Packaging
Bionanotechnology, as a tool for incorporation of biological molecules into nanoartifacts, is gaining more and more importance in the field of food packaging. It offers an advanced expectation of food packaging that can ensure longer shelf life of products and safer packaging with improved food quality and traceability. 
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
V-HOE Based Solar Concentrators
The fundamental advantages of volume holographic optical elements are very appealing for lightweight and cheap solar concentrators applications and can become a valuable asset that can be integrated into solar panels. 
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Triazole-Modified Nucleic Acids
Locked nucleic acids (LNAs) are widely used in RNA therapeutics as LNA-modified antisense oligonucleotides. From the structural point of view, LNA is an RNA derivative in which the ribose ring is constrained by a methylene linkage between the 2′-oxygen and the 4′-carbon. This conformational restriction causes an increased binding affinity to complementary DNA and RNA sequences, but the susceptibility to RNase H should be optimized for individual applications.
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Targeting TIGIT
TIGIT is a negative regulator of immune response known to bind to PVR ligands with greater affinity and outcompete the costimulatory receptors, CD226 and CD96, expressed on T cells, thereby inhibiting the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of T cells (). Further, TIGIT engagement ensures the survival of inhibited T cells by activating cell survival pathways. TIGIT activation on NK cells was shown to inhibit cytotoxic granule polarization and IFN-γ production and decrease NK cell cytotoxicity. In addition, TIGIT interaction on Tregs skews the cytokine balance, suppresses Th1 or Th17 phenotype, and induces Th2 phenotype.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Model Predictive Control for Microgrid
In recent times, microgrids (MG) have emerged as solution approach to establishing resilient power systems. However, the integration of renewable energy resources (RERs) comes with a high degree of uncertainties due to heavy dependency on weather conditions. Hence, improper modeling of these uncertainties can have adverse effects on the performance of the microgrid operations. Due to this effect, more advanced algorithms need to be explored to create stability in MGs’. The model predictive control (MPC) technique has gained sound recognition due to its flexibility in executing controls and speed of processors.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
Corporate Social Responsibility in Corporate Strategies of SDGs
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a unique collective agreement of the modern time, which was concluded between government, society, and business at a global scale and which ensures outstanding progress in sustainable development. Society is the direct beneficiary of the SDGs, but bears the lowest expenditures for their implementation and, thus, supports them. The government protects society’s interests, and implementation of the SDGs is among its main responsibilities. Participation of business in the achievement of the SDGs is complex and contradictory, deserving special attention. It is no coincidence that the necessity for the integration of the SDGs into corporate strategies is a part of the agenda in the Decade of Action.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Jun 2022
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