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Topic Review
Herbal Approach, Bioactive Compounds, and Mechanism of Obesity
Obesity is arising as a global pandemic throughout the world. Obesity has tripled worldwide, creating an alarming situation. The majority of people nowadays are suffering from obesity and overweight. It affects health of people of all age groups, ethnicity, gender, and sex, and is linked to a sedentary lifestyle of people, poor eating habits, and disturbed sleeping patterns. It causes several diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, gallstones, and colon cancer. Many synthetic anti-obesity drugs such as orlistat, lorcaserin, phentermine, bupropion, and liraglutide are already available on the market. However, these drugs have side effects, including dry mouth and sleeping disorders, dizziness, blood pressure, heart rate elevation, constipation, and headache. Humans have a long and ancient history of dependency on traditional medicinal plants and their major bioactive antioxidant components, such as quercetin, anthocyanins, and ellagic acid, for treating such diseases and disorders. 
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
History of Wildlife Tracking Technology
The history of wildlife tracking technology involves the evolution of technologies that have been used to monitor, track, and locate many different types of wildlife. Many individuals have an interest in tracking wildlife, including biologists, scientific researchers, and conservationists. Biotelemetry is "the instrumental technique for gaining and transmitting information from a living organism and its environment to a remote observer".
  • 1.6K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Drug Policy Reform
Drug policy reform, also known as drug law reform, generally refers to proposed changes to the laws and regulations that governments promulgate with respect to substances that have psychoactive effects or a real or perceived potential to be used for recreational or other non-medical reasons. Proponents of drug policy reform frequently argue that prohibition of recreational drugs—such as cannabis, opioids, cocaine, amphetamines and hallucinogens—has been ineffective and counterproductive and that substance use is better responded to by implementing practices for harm reduction and increasing the availability of addiction treatment. Another reform proposed is to introduce a regulatory regime for the production, marketing, and distribution of some or all currently illegal drugs in a manner analogous to that for alcohol and tobacco. Proponents of drug law reform argue that relative harm should be taken into account in the regulation of controlled substances. Addictive or dependence-forming substances such as alcohol, tobacco and caffeine have been a traditional part of many culture for centuries and remain legal in most countries, though other drugs which cause less harm than alcohol or tobacco are entirely prohibited, with possession punishable with severe criminal penalties.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Business Service Management
Business service management or business studies and management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to service management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Characteristics and Microbial Degradation of Preservatives in Cosmetics
Personal care products (PCPs) have surfaced as a novel class of pollutants due to their release into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and receiving environments by sewage effluent and biosolid-augmentation soil, which poses potential risks to non-target organisms. Among PCPs, there are preservatives that are added to cosmetics for protection against microbial spoilage. 
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Thermophilic Nucleic Acid Polymerases
Nucleic acid polymerases are enzymes that catalyze DNA or RNA synthesis, including DNA polymerases (DNAPs), RNA polymerases (RNAPs), reverse transcriptases (RTs), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps), which play central roles in the storage and transmission of genetic information in living organisms, and have been widely applied in molecular biology and biotechnology. Their unique activities and functions have laid the foundation of many broadly used or modern techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, and DNA information storage. Thermostability is a desired property of nucleic acid polymerases for many of their applications, especially those involving thermocycling.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cybersickness in Virtual Environments - Factors, Best Practices
Cybersickness is a form of simulation sickness experienced when using head mounted displays (HMDs) and is a critical issue that needs to be addressed before virtual reality technology is widely accepted. The concept of cybersickness has existed since the early stages of VR system development. Cybersickness is a type of simulation sickness that is experienced in virtual reality. 
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Neurodegeneration
The human body is highly complex and comprises a variety of living cells and extracellular material, which forms tissues, organs, and organ systems. Human cells tend to turn over readily to maintain homeostasis in tissues. However, postmitotic nerve cells exceptionally have an ability to regenerate and be sustained for the entire life of an individual, to safeguard the physiological functioning of the central nervous system. For efficient functioning of the CNS, neuronal death is essential, but extreme loss of neurons diminishes the functioning of the nervous system and leads to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases range from acute to chronic severe life-altering conditions like Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Millions of individuals worldwide are suffering from neurodegenerative disorders with little or negligible treatment available, thereby leading to a decline in their quality of life. Neuropathological studies have identified a series of factors that explain the etiology of neuronal degradation and its progression in neurodegenerative disease. The onset of neurological diseases depends on a combination of factors that causes a disruption of neurons, such as environmental, biological, physiological, and genetic factors. 
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
On-Site Medical Management of Avalanche Victims
Avalanche accidents are common in mountain regions and approximately 100 fatalities are counted in Europe each year. The average mortality rate is about 25% and survival chances are mainly determined by the degree and duration of avalanche burial, the patency of the airway, the presence of an air pocket, snow characteristics, and the severity of traumatic injuries. The most common cause of death in completely buried avalanche victims is asphyxia followed by trauma. Hypothermia accounts for a minority of deaths; however, hypothermic cardiac arrest has a favorable prognosis and prolonged resuscitation and extracorporeal rewarming are indicated.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Amygdala Neuroinflammation and Psychiatric Disorders
Depression and anxiety disorder are the most common mental diseases affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The comorbidity rate of anxiety disorder and depression is very high, with 74% of depressed patients having anxiety symptoms, while 61% of anxious patients have depression symptoms. Stress exposure is widely accepted as a critical contributing factor to psychological and neuropathological disorders. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, the high pressure of increasingly demanding work and life has led to a sharp rise in the incidence of mental diseases. Inflammation induces psychological and neuropathological disorders by influencing neuronal excitability, neurotransmitter release, receptor, and transporter expression through peripheral hormones and autonomic responses. A number of animal and human studies have revealed that the amygdala, ventral hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are extensively involved in the occurrence of anxiety, depression, and related behavioral regulation. Among them, the amygdala, one of the kernel brain regions mediating stress-coping located in the deep temporal lobe, is considered the hub center for processing emotionally salient stimuli and implementing appropriate behavioral responses.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Evapotranspiration
Accurate evapotranspiration (ET) estimation is important in understanding the hydrological cycle and improving water resource management. The operational simplified surface energy balance (SSEBop) model can be set up quickly for the routine monitoring of ET. Several studies have suggested that the SSEBop model that simulated ET has performed inconsistently across the United States. There are few detailed studies on the evaluation of ET simulated by SSEBop in other regions. To explore the potential and application scope of the SSEBop model, more evaluation of the ET simulated by SSEBop is clearly needed. We calculated the SSEBop model-based ET (ETSSEBopYRB) with the input of MOD11A2 and climate variables in the Yellow River Basin (YRB), China. We also compared the ETSSEBopYRB with eight coarse resolution ET products, including China ETMTE produced by the upscaling energy flux method, China ETCR generated by the nonlinear complementary relationship model, three global products based on the logic of Penman-Monteith (ETPMLv2, ETMODIS and ETBESS), two global ET products based on the surface energy balance (ETSEBS, ETSSEBopGlo), and integrated ET products based on the Bayesian model averaging method (ETGLASS), by the annual ET derived from the water balance method (WB-ET) in fourteen catchments. We found that ETSSEBopYRB and the other eight ET products were able to explain 23 to 52% variability in water balance ET of fourteen small catchments in YRB. ETSSEBopYRB has better agreement with WB-ET than ETSEBS, ETMODIS, ETCR and ETGLASS, with a lower RMSE (88.3 mm yr-1 vs 121.7 mm yr-1), higher R2 (0.49 VS 0.43) and lower absolute RPE (–3.3% VS –19.9%) during the years 2003–2015. We also found that the uncertainties of the spatial pattern of the average annual ET and the ET trend are still large in different ET products. Third, we found that the free global ET product derived from the SSEBop model (ETSSEBopGlo) highly underestimated the annual total ET trend of the YRB. Poor performance of the land surface temperature product of MOD11A2 in 2015 caused the large ETSSEBopYRB uncertainty at eight-day scale and monthly scale. Further evaluation of the ET based on the SSEBop model in site measurements is needed.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Food Loss and Waste Prevention
Preventing food losses and waste is a potential strategy for better balance food supply and demand and is essential to improve food security while reducing environmental impact and providing economic benefits to the different actors in the food supply chain.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Low Power Cusped Field Thruster
The cusped field thruster is a novel concept of electric propulsion devicewith the advantages of an extremely large thrust throttle ability (more than three orders of magnitude), low complexity, strong robustness and a long lifetime (more than 18,750 h). A cusped field magnetic field is formed in the channel by arranging quasi-periodic permanent magnets around the discharge channel.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
A biomaterial is a synthetic material used to replace part of a living system or a material meant to be in contact with living tissue. In this sense, biomaterials can be categorized into polymers, liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, and calcium phosphate (CaP) nanoparticles, where each will show a different type of bioactivity. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been the gold standard in the biomedical field due to its composition and similarity to human bone. HAP nanoparticles have been used as vehicles for delivery due to their affinity to DNA, proteins, several drugs, and proper release activity.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Membrane Technologies in Dairy Industry
Membrane technologies can be used in the dairy industry for many applications, such as milk clarification or fractioning and a concentration increase in specific components or the separation of them, since they cover a huge range of pore sizes (from 0 to 2 μm) and MWCOs (from 1 to 100,000 Da). For instance, MF can be used for fat globule (10 μm) fractionation as well as bacteria and spore (1 μm) removal. UF can be used for casein micelles (100 nm) or serum protein (10 nm) separation, whereas NF and RO can be used for lactose (1 nm), salt (0.1 nm) and water recovery.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Development of Anticancer Agents with Peptide-Based Drugs
Peptides are increasingly being developed for use as therapeutics to treat many ailments, including cancer. Therapeutic peptides have the advantages of target specificity and low toxicity. The anticancer effects of a peptide can be the direct result of the peptide binding its intended target, or the peptide may be conjugated to a chemotherapy drug or radionuclide and used to target the agent to cancer cells. Peptides can be targeted to proteins on the cell surface, where the peptide–protein interaction can initiate internalization of the complex, or the peptide can be designed to directly cross the cell membrane. Peptides can induce cell death by numerous mechanisms including membrane disruption and subsequent necrosis, apoptosis, tumor angiogenesis inhibition, immune regulation, disruption of cell signaling pathways, cell cycle regulation, DNA repair pathways, or cell death pathways. 
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
The Evolution of U.S. Equity Trading Venues
The modern U.S. equity market has been evolving from floor trading by brokers who read the ticker tape and bid on offer to purely electric trading coded into computer algorithms. This entry briefly overviews the evolution of the U.S. equity venues and discusses the consequences of market fragmentation from theoretical and empirical perspectives.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Smart Bioinks for Printing Human Tissue Models
A bioink is a mixture of materials and biological molecules or cells to be used for bioprinting. Most bioinks are hydrogels, highly hydrated polymeric networks used to homogenously encapsulate cells by mimicking the natural extracellular matrix found in vivo. Hydrogels must meet certain characteristics to ensure they can support cell survival and function.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Plants and Phytoplasmas
Plant pathogen presence is very dangerous for agricultural ecosystems and causes huge economic losses. Phytoplasmas are insect-transmitted wall-less bacteria living in plants, only in the phloem tissues and in the emolymph of their insect vectors. They are able to manipulate several metabolic pathways of their hosts, very often without impairing their life. The molecular diversity described (49 ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ species and about 300 ribosomal subgroups) is only in some cases related to their associated symptomatology.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Structure and Functions of Aβ and Tau Proteins
The amyloid hypothesis, i.e., the abnormal accumulation of toxic Aβ assemblies in the brain, has been considered the mainstream concept sustaining research in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). However, the course of cognitive decline and AD development better correlates with tau accumulation rather than amyloid peptide deposition. Moreover, all clinical trials of amyloid-targeting drug candidates have been unsuccessful, implicitly suggesting that the amyloid hypothesis needs significant amendments. Accumulating evidence supports the existence of a series of potentially dangerous relationships between Aβ oligomeric species and tau protein in AD.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Aug 2022
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