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Topic Review
Endostatin and Cancer Therapy
Endostatin constitutes one of the most studied peptides with inhibitory effect on angiogenesis. This peptide is a 20 kDa C-terminal cleavage fragment from the α1 chain of type XVIII collagen, which is an extracellular matrix protein recognized for its anti-atherosclerotic effect as well as a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Endostatin has been artificially synthesized in a recombinant human form with the addition of nine extra amino acids that confer greater stability, solubility, and antiangiogenic effect. The endostatin mechanism of action is not completely understood. Evidence shows that this molecule exerts its angiostatic effect through multiple mechanisms involving elements of the extracellular matrix, as well as proteins and signaling cascades related to endothelial cell migration and proliferation.
  • 791
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
ERα36 in the Landscape of ERα Variants
Estrogen nuclear receptors, represented by the canonical forms ERα66 and ERβ1, are the main mediators of the estrogen-dependent pathophysiology in mammals. However, numerous isoforms have been identified, stimulating unconventional estrogen response pathways leading to complex cellular and tissue responses. The estrogen receptor variant, ERα36, was cloned in 2005 and is mainly described in the literature to be involved in the progression of mammary tumors and in the acquired resistance to anti-estrogen drugs, such as tamoxifen. Nevertheless, recent data specify the place that ERα36 currently occupies within the diversity of nuclear and membrane estrogen receptors and highlight the impact of ERα36 expression and/or activity in normal breast and testicular cells, but also in different types of tumors including mammary tumors. Therefore, ERα36 can now be considered as a marker of malignancy and the regulation of ERα36 expression could provide new clues to counteract resistance to cancer treatments in hormone-sensitive tumors.
  • 790
  • 17 Jun 2020
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Pathogenesis
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the seventh most frequent cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide.  MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, noncoding, single-stranded RNAs that modulate the expression of their target genes at the posttranscriptional and translational levels. Aberrant expression of miRNAs has frequently been detected in cancer-associated genomic regions or fragile sites in various human cancers and has been observed in both HCC cells and tissues. The precise patterns of aberrant miRNA expression differ depending on disease etiology, including various causes of hepatocarcinogenesis, such as viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
  • 790
  • 07 Mar 2021
Topic Review
BRCAness as PARP Inhibitors
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer. GBMs commonly acquire resistance to standard-of-care therapies. Among the novel means to sensitize GBM to DNA-damaging therapies, a promising strategy is to combine them with inhibitors of the DNA damage repair (DDR) machinery, such as inhibitors for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP).
  • 790
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
FGFR Pathway Inhibition in Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. The majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced/metastatic stage of disease due to a lack of specific symptoms and lack of screening programs, especially in Western countries. Thus, despite the improvement in GC therapeutic opportunities, the survival is disappointing, and the definition of the optimal treatment is still an unmet need. Novel diagnostic techniques were developed in clinical trials in order to characterize the genetic profile of GCs and new potential molecular pathways, such as the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) pathway, were identified in order to improve patient’s survival by using target therapies. The aim of this review is to summarize the role and the impact of FGFR signaling in GC and to provide an overview regarding the potential effectiveness of anti-FGFR agents in GC treatment in the context of precision medicine.
  • 790
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Radiotherapy for Sinonasal Malignant Tumors
Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of sinonasal cancer, mainly in the adjuvant setting after surgical resection. Many technological approaches have been described, including intensity-modulated radiotherapy, concomitant chemoradiotherapy, charged particle therapy or combined approaches. The choice is based on general criteria related to the oncological results and morbidity of each technique and their availability, as well as specific criteria related to the tumor (tumor extensions, pathology and quality of margins).
  • 790
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: The Real Turning Point
The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine has recently emerged as the main weapon to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. The various candidate anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines can be grouped according to the technological platform used to their development in order to elicit a protective immune response.
  • 789
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy and Boron Delivery Agents
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a binary modality that is used to treat a variety of malignancies, using neutrons to irradiate boron-10 (10B) nuclei that have entered tumor cells to produce highly linear energy transfer (LET) alpha particles and recoil 7Li nuclei (10B [n, α] 7Li). The development of boron delivery agents has ushered in a new opportunity with the improvement of synthetic techniques and the increased understanding of the biochemical properties of groups.
  • 789
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Head Neck Cancer Treatment-Related Toxicities
Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) are at high risk of malnutrition, with up to 90% of patients developing this condition. Common treatments used for HNC can often lead to adverse side effects, including oral health conditions, gastrointestinal upsets, and several metabolic changes. Consequently, treatments can cause inadequate nutritional intake, resulting in a reduction in energy consumption, and alterations in energy utilization, contributing to the development of malnutrition. There are interventions available (nutritional, medicinal, and physical therapies) that have demonstrated potential effectiveness in reducing the severity of symptomatic toxicities, reducing the risk of malnutrition, and improving survival outcomes of patients with HNC. Based on the findings of this review, there is an urgent need for the implementation or continuation of multi-disciplinary strategies, as well, as updated and improved guidelines to assist in the prevention and treatment of malnutrition caused by treatment-related toxicities in patients with HNC. 
  • 788
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Senescence for Myeloid Malignancies
Senescence is a cellular state that is involved in aging-associated diseases but may also prohibit the development of pre-cancerous lesions and tumor growth. Senescent cells are actively secreting chemo- and cytokines, and this senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) can contribute to both early anti-tumorigenic and long-term pro-tumorigenic effects.
  • 788
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
HGSCs Carcinogenic Hypotheses and Origins
Ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSCs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases. They include fallopian-tube-epithelium (FTE)-derived and ovarian-surface-epithelium (OSE)-derived tumors. The risk/protective factors suggest that the etiology of HGSCs is multifactorial.
  • 788
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Thrombosis and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Thromboembolism is a common complication in patients with cancer and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Anticancer treatment is a known risk factor of cancer-associated thrombosis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have become a mainstay of treatment in various cancers. Both venous and arterial thrombosis have been increasingly reported as adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in recent studies, with a cumulative incidence of venous thrombosis to be 5–8% at 6 months and over 10% at 12 months. Additionally, rates of approximately 1–5% for arterial thrombosis were reported at 12 months. Data also showed an association of thromboembolism with adverse survival. Many pertinent clinical questions in this population deserve further investigation, including the risks of thrombosis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors as compared to those with traditional systemic therapy, associated risk factors, and the optimal prevention and treatment strategies.
  • 787
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Normal and Aberrant MiRNA and Alternative Splicing Events
MiRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that play a central role in regulating RNA silencing and gene expression. Alternative splicing increases the diversity of the proteome by producing several different spliced mRNAs from a single gene for translation. MiRNA expression and alternative splicing events are rigorously regulated processes. Dysregulation of miRNA and splicing events promote carcinogenesis and drug resistance in cancers including breast, cervical, prostate, colorectal, ovarian and leukemia. Alternative splicing may change the target mRNA 3′UTR binding site.
  • 787
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 in Breast Cancer
C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a member of the CXC chemokine subfamily and a ligand for CXCR2. Its main function in the immune system is the chemoattraction of neutrophils. Female breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer. In 2020, 2.26 million new cases of this cancer were diagnosed, accounting for 11.7% of all cancer diagnoses
  • 787
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
MiRNA with impact on ZEB family in Glioma
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex, molecular program that plays an essential part in the progression of epithelial tumours to invasive phenotypes. However, gliomas do not engage in a typical EMT pathway, as these tumours do not originate from classical epithelial tissue. Nevertheless, EMT-like changes, which are the main cause of increased invasiveness, stem cell signature and loss of cell–cell contact, can contribute extensively to increased progression and metastasis also in non-epithelial tumours, including gliomas. Accordingly, EMT-promoting transcription factors (EMT-TFs), such as Snail (SNAI1), Slug (SNAI2), Twist1 and Twist2 appear to play pivotal roles in various aspects of tumourigenic processes. Among them, ZEB family members, such as ZEB1 and ZEB2, i.e., zinc finger E-box binding homeobox proteins, are also important modulators of the molecular network in gliomas with a substantial impact on the proliferation, invasion and migration of tumourigenic cells.
  • 787
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of the Microbiome in Oral Mucositis
Oral mucositis (OM) is a common and impactful toxicity of standard cancer therapy, affecting up to 80% of patients. Its aetiology centres on the initial destruction of epithelial cells and the increase in inflammatory signals. These changes in the oral mucosa create a hostile environment for resident microbes, with oral infections co-occurring with OM, especially at sites of ulceration. However, increasing evidence suggests that oral microbiome changes occur beyond opportunistic infection, with a growing appreciation for the potential role of the microbiome in OM development and severity.
  • 787
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Tumor and Oncogenic Cytokines in Lung Cancer Patients
Lung cancer is currently the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In recent years, checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy (ICI) has emerged as a new treatment. A better understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TMJ) or the immune system surrounding the tumor is needed. Cytokines are small proteins that carry messages between cells and are known to play an important role in the body’s response to inflammation and infection. Cytokines are important for immunity in lung cancer. They promote tumor growth (oncogenic cytokines) or inhibit tumor growth (anti-tumour cytokines) by controlling signaling pathways for growth, proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis. The immune system relies heavily on cytokines. They can also be produced in the laboratory for therapeutic use. Cytokine therapy helps the immune system to stop the growth or kill cancer cells. Interleukins and interferons are the two types of cytokines used to treat cancer. 
  • 787
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
HPV+ Non-Oropharyngeal Cancer
HPV status is a well known prognostic factor for oropharyngeal cancer. However, its predictive role has not been proved yet and HPV positive cases are not treated differently outside of a clinical trial. In non-oropharyngeal cancer, the role of HPV status is not entirely clear and results from observational studies are conflicting. 
  • 786
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Targeted Liposomal
The targeted liposomes have been developed and utilized to deliver drugs to the tumor or tumor microenvironment with minimal non-specific distribution in normal tissues or organs. Various tumor-targeting ligands, such as small molecules, oligonucleotides, peptides, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antigen-binding fragments (Fabs), have been conjugated with liposomes. 
  • 786
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Adverse Renal Effects of Anticancer Immunotherapy
Modern oncological therapy utilizes various types of immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapy, cancer vaccines, tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies (TT-mAbs), bispecific antibodies and cytokine therapy improve patients’ outcomes. However, stimulation of the immune system, beneficial in terms of fighting against cancer, generates the risk of harm to other cells in a patient’s body. Kidney damage belongs to the relatively rare adverse events (AEs). Best described, but still, superficially, are renal AEs in patients treated with ICIs. International guidelines issued by the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) cover the management of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) during ICI therapy. 
  • 786
  • 09 Sep 2022
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