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Topic Review
FGFR Pathway Inhibition in Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. The majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced/metastatic stage of disease due to a lack of specific symptoms and lack of screening programs, especially in Western countries. Thus, despite the improvement in GC therapeutic opportunities, the survival is disappointing, and the definition of the optimal treatment is still an unmet need. Novel diagnostic techniques were developed in clinical trials in order to characterize the genetic profile of GCs and new potential molecular pathways, such as the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) pathway, were identified in order to improve patient’s survival by using target therapies. The aim of this review is to summarize the role and the impact of FGFR signaling in GC and to provide an overview regarding the potential effectiveness of anti-FGFR agents in GC treatment in the context of precision medicine.
  • 779
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
ERα36 in the Landscape of ERα Variants
Estrogen nuclear receptors, represented by the canonical forms ERα66 and ERβ1, are the main mediators of the estrogen-dependent pathophysiology in mammals. However, numerous isoforms have been identified, stimulating unconventional estrogen response pathways leading to complex cellular and tissue responses. The estrogen receptor variant, ERα36, was cloned in 2005 and is mainly described in the literature to be involved in the progression of mammary tumors and in the acquired resistance to anti-estrogen drugs, such as tamoxifen. Nevertheless, recent data specify the place that ERα36 currently occupies within the diversity of nuclear and membrane estrogen receptors and highlight the impact of ERα36 expression and/or activity in normal breast and testicular cells, but also in different types of tumors including mammary tumors. Therefore, ERα36 can now be considered as a marker of malignancy and the regulation of ERα36 expression could provide new clues to counteract resistance to cancer treatments in hormone-sensitive tumors.
  • 778
  • 17 Jun 2020
Topic Review
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy with limited treatment options in the advanced stages.
  • 778
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Based Combination Immunotherapy
Thirty to fifty percent of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) display an immune class genetic signature. In this type of tumor, HCC-specific CD8 T cells carry out a key role in HCC control. Those potential reactive HCC-specific CD8 T cells recognize either HCC immunogenic neoantigens or aberrantly expressed host’s antigens, but they become progressively exhausted or deleted. These cells express the negative immunoregulatory checkpoint programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) which impairs T cell receptor signaling by blocking the CD28 positive co-stimulatory signal. The pool of CD8 cells sensitive to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment is the PD-1dim memory-like precursor pool that gives rise to the effector subset involved in HCC control. 
  • 778
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
MiR-146a in Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is a well-known malignant tumor of the respiratory tract, which has caused a significant level of damage to human health in the 21st century. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are tiny, non-coding RNA stem-loop structures with a length of roughly 20–25 nucleotides that function as powerful modulators of mRNA and protein products of a gene. miRNAs may modulate many biological processes involving growth, differentiation, proliferation, and cell death and play a key role in the pathogenesis of various types of malignancies. Several accumulating pieces of evidence have proven that miRNA, especially miR-146a, are crucial modulators of innate immune response sequences. Changes in miR-146a expression levels have biomarker importance and possess a high potential as a therapeutic target in lung cancer. It retards epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes the therapeutic action of anticancer agents in lung cancer. Studies have also suggested that miR-146a affects gene expression through different signaling pathways viz.
  • 778
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Targeted Liposomal
The targeted liposomes have been developed and utilized to deliver drugs to the tumor or tumor microenvironment with minimal non-specific distribution in normal tissues or organs. Various tumor-targeting ligands, such as small molecules, oligonucleotides, peptides, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antigen-binding fragments (Fabs), have been conjugated with liposomes. 
  • 778
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Radiotherapy for Sinonasal Malignant Tumors
Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of sinonasal cancer, mainly in the adjuvant setting after surgical resection. Many technological approaches have been described, including intensity-modulated radiotherapy, concomitant chemoradiotherapy, charged particle therapy or combined approaches. The choice is based on general criteria related to the oncological results and morbidity of each technique and their availability, as well as specific criteria related to the tumor (tumor extensions, pathology and quality of margins).
  • 778
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Adverse Renal Effects of Anticancer Immunotherapy
Modern oncological therapy utilizes various types of immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapy, cancer vaccines, tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies (TT-mAbs), bispecific antibodies and cytokine therapy improve patients’ outcomes. However, stimulation of the immune system, beneficial in terms of fighting against cancer, generates the risk of harm to other cells in a patient’s body. Kidney damage belongs to the relatively rare adverse events (AEs). Best described, but still, superficially, are renal AEs in patients treated with ICIs. International guidelines issued by the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) cover the management of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) during ICI therapy. 
  • 778
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
HPV+ Non-Oropharyngeal Cancer
HPV status is a well known prognostic factor for oropharyngeal cancer. However, its predictive role has not been proved yet and HPV positive cases are not treated differently outside of a clinical trial. In non-oropharyngeal cancer, the role of HPV status is not entirely clear and results from observational studies are conflicting. 
  • 777
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Immune Evasion in Ewing Sarcoma and Osteosarcoma
Immunogenicity of the tumor environment can be enhanced by altering macrophage differentiation and polarization or by administering activating cytokines. Additional tumor microenvironment-directed approaches could be designed to interfere with the immunosuppressive mechanisms active in the immunological deserts, e.g., blocking immunosuppressive extracellular vesicles (EVs) or immunosuppressive metabolic mechanisms, or probably both. This can be achieved by engineering bifunctional TCR or CAR transgenic T cells that could simultaneously manipulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) and target tumor-specific cell surface antigens. Moreover, epigenetic activation of gene expression from non-coding sequences may provide targetable neo-epitopes even in immune inert malignancies.
  • 777
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for Carcinoid
Carcinoid tumors are a rare subtype of neuroendocrine tumor that arise in a variety of different organs and soft tissue. Explicitly, neuroendocrine tumors are characterized as neoplasms that are of neuroectodermal or epithelial origin and contain neurosecretory granules. Immunotherapy for the treatment of carcinoid tumors may still prove to be a useful treatment modality, particularly in combination with surgery and other pharmacologic regimens, such as somatostatin analogues. 
  • 777
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 in Breast Cancer
C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a member of the CXC chemokine subfamily and a ligand for CXCR2. Its main function in the immune system is the chemoattraction of neutrophils. Female breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer. In 2020, 2.26 million new cases of this cancer were diagnosed, accounting for 11.7% of all cancer diagnoses
  • 777
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of the Microbiome in Oral Mucositis
Oral mucositis (OM) is a common and impactful toxicity of standard cancer therapy, affecting up to 80% of patients. Its aetiology centres on the initial destruction of epithelial cells and the increase in inflammatory signals. These changes in the oral mucosa create a hostile environment for resident microbes, with oral infections co-occurring with OM, especially at sites of ulceration. However, increasing evidence suggests that oral microbiome changes occur beyond opportunistic infection, with a growing appreciation for the potential role of the microbiome in OM development and severity.
  • 777
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Metaplastic Carcinoma of the Breast
Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast (MpBC) is a very rare and aggressive type of breast cancer. Data focusing on MpBC are limited. Eligible articles about MpBC were identified by searching CASES SERIES gov and the MEDLINE bibliographic database for the period of 1 January 2010 to 1 June 2021 with the keywords metaplastic breast cancer, mammary gland cancer, neoplasm, tumor, and metaplastic carcinoma.
  • 777
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Local Control Following SBRT for Liver Metastases
The utilization of stereotactic body radiation therapy for the treatment of liver metastasis has been widely studied and has demonstrated favorable local control outcomes. However, several predictive factors play a crucial role in the efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy, such as the number and size (volume) of metastatic liver lesions, the primary tumor site (histology), molecular biomarkers (e.g., KRAS and TP53 mutation), the use of systemic therapy prior to SBRT, the radiation dose, and the use of advanced technology and organ motion management during stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). These prognostic factors need to be considered when clinical trials are designed to evaluate the efficacy of SBRT for liver metastases.
  • 777
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Genetics in Epstein–Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies
Global genomic studies have detected the role of genomic alterations in the pathogenesis of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated tumors. EBV oncoproteins cause a vital shift of EBV from an infectious virus to an oncogenic form during the latent and lytic phase within the lymphoid B cells and epithelial cells. This epigenetic alteration modulates the virus and host genomes and inactivates and disrupts numerous tumor suppressors and signaling pathways. Genomic profiling has played the main role in identifying EBV cancer pathogenesis and its related targeted therapies. 
  • 776
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Immune Microenvironment in CNS Tumors
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors and are classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as grade I–IV tumors based on molecular and genomic features, allowing a more accurate classification of patients. Given the transition from histological characterization, this newer molecular classification system enables precision medicine therapeutic selection and leads to a more accurate prediction of prognosis. Despite the evolution of such classifications and of immunotherapies, these tumors remain refractory to immune therapeutics. Understanding the microenvironment of gliomas and it's heterogeneity is key to discover potential future immunotherapeutic strategies. Recent findings show that immune activity against tumors may be dependent of the tumor microenvironment, especially in hot spots of immune reactivity like the invasive edge.
  • 776
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are aggressive B-cell neoplasms with considerable clinical, biologic, and pathologic diversity. The application of high throughput technologies to the study of lymphomas has yielded abundant molecular data leading to the identification of distinct molecular identities and novel pathogenetic pathways.
  • 775
  • 20 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Hedgehog Pathway
The hedgehog pathway, which plays a significant role in embryonic development and stem cell regulation, is activated in gastrointestinal cancers. Chemotherapy is widely used in cancer treatment. However, chemoresistance becomes a substantial obstacle in cancer therapy.
  • 775
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Relevance of Circulating Tumor Cells in Immunology
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a heterogeneous population of tumor cells that have shed from a tumor into the lymphatics and vasculature, ultimately disseminating into blood circulation. Immune modulation is a hallmark of cancer. Cancer–immune interaction shapes the course of disease progression at every step of tumorigenesis, including metastasis, of which circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are regarded as an indicator. 
  • 774
  • 07 Mar 2022
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