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Topic Review
Edible Mushrooms in Muscle Foods
Mushrooms are valued around the world as culinary delicacies and are popularly known as “vegetable meat” in many cultures. Botanically, they are the fruiting bodies of macroscopic filamentous saprophytic fungi that grow above ground. Mushrooms are considered as next-generation healthy food components. Owing to their low content of fat, high-quality proteins, dietary fibre, and the presence of nutraceuticals, they are ideally preferred in the formulation of low-caloric functional foods.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Glycation-Associated Diabetic Nephropathy and Long Noncoding RNAs
The glycation of various biomolecules is the root cause of many pathological conditions associated with diabetic nephropathy and end-stage kidney disease. Glycation imbalances metabolism and increases renal cell injury. Numerous therapeutic measures have narrowed down the adverse effects of endogenous glycation, but efficient and potent measures are miles away. Recent advances in the identification and characterization of noncoding RNAs, especially the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), have opened a mammon of new biology to explore the mitigations for glycation-associated diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, tissue-specific distribution and condition-specific expression make lncRNA a promising key for second-generation therapeutic interventions.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Role of Metabolomics in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Diagnosis
A wide range of histological as well as clinical properties are exhibited by B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. These properties could make the diagnostics process complicated. The diagnosis of lymphomas at an initial stage is essential because early remedial actions taken against destructive subtypes are commonly deliberated as successful and restorative. New possibilities are now open for diagnosing cancer with the help of metabolomics. The study of all the metabolites synthesised in the human body is called “metabolomics.” A patient’s phenotype is directly linked with metabolomics, which can help in providing some clinically beneficial biomarkers and is applied in the diagnostics of B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In cancer research, it can analyse the cancerous metabolome to identify the metabolic biomarkers. 
  • 1.0K
  • 03 May 2023
Topic Review
Intracellular Ca2+ Signalling in the Pathogenesis of Acute Pancreatitis
Intracellular Ca2+ signaling is a major signal transduction pathway in non-excitable cells, responsible for the regulation of a variety of physiological functions. In the secretory epithelial cells of the exocrine pancreas, such as acinar and ductal cells, intracellular Ca2+ elevation regulates digestive enzyme secretion in acini or fluid and ion secretion in ductal cells. Although Ca2+ is a uniquely versatile orchestrator of epithelial physiology, unregulated global elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration is an early trigger for the development of acute pancreatitis. Regardless of the aetiology, different forms of acute pancreatitis all exhibit sustained intracellular Ca2+ elevation as a common hallmark.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Jun 2020
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides-Silver Nanoparticles for Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus
Antibiotics are regarded as a miracle in the medical field as it prevents disease caused by pathogenic bacteria. Since the discovery of penicillin, antibiotics have become the foundation for modern medical discoveries. However, bacteria soon became resistant to antibiotics, which puts a burden on the healthcare system. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become one of the most prominent antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the world since 1961. MRSA primarily developed resistance to beta-lactamases antibiotics and can be easily spread in the healthcare system. Thus, alternatives to combat MRSA are urgently required. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), an innate host immune agent and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are gaining interest as alternative treatments against MRSA. Both agents have broad-spectrum properties which are suitable candidates for controlling MRSA. Although both agents can exhibit antimicrobial effects independently, the combination of both can be synergistic and complementary to each other to exhibit stronger antimicrobial activity. The combination of AMPs and AgNPs also reduces their own weaknesses as their own, which can be developed as a potential agent to combat antibiotic resistance especially towards MRSA. 
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Fungal Origin and Safety
Fungi include yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, mushrooms, and toadstools (harmful mushrooms). They are eukaryotes that comprise approximately 80,000 recognized species. Fungi are among the most widely distributed organisms on earth. As a natural gift, edible wild mushrooms growing in the wet and shadow places and picked by hand were used as a food. From searching mushrooms in the forests and producing single cell proteins (SCP) in small scales to mega production, academia, Organizations of United Nations, industries, political makers and others, play significant roles. Fermented traditional foods have also been reinvestigated, such as kefir, Miso, tempeh, and the like. They are an excellent source for fungal isolates for protein production. Fungal fermented foods and SCP are consumed either intentionally or unintentionally in our daily meals and have many applications in food and feed industries. Fungi are considered a potent alternative source of edible proteins and animal feed, mainly in the form of SCP, edible mushrooms, fungal fermented foods.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy
Originally discovered as a relatively new anticancer therapeutic technology, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has since evolved and is now used in many therapeutic technologies. For example, it is used against viruses, such as the recently reported antiviral activity against COVID-19, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, in treating neovascular disease, in environmental sanitation and pest control, and in many other applications. 
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Receptor-Arrestin Interactions
Arrestins are a small family of four proteins in most vertebrates that bind hundreds of different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Arrestin binding to a GPCR has at least three functions: precluding further receptor coupling to G proteins, facilitating receptor internalization, and initiating distinct arrestin-mediated signaling. The molecular mechanism of arrestin–GPCR interactions has been extensively studied and discussed from the “arrestin perspective”, focusing on the roles of arrestin elements in receptor binding.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Subclinical Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19
Since the outbreak of COVID-19 disease, a bidirectional interaction between kidney disease and the progression of COVID-19 has been demonstrated. Kidney disease is an independent risk factor for mortality of patients with COVID-19 as well as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leading to the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with COVID-19. However, the detection of kidney damage in patients with COVID-19 may not occur until an advanced stage based on the current clinical blood and urinary examinations. Some studies have pointed out the development of subclinical acute kidney injury (subAKI) syndrome with COVID-19. This syndrome is characterized by significant tubule interstitial injury without changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate. Despite the complexity of the mechanism(s) underlying the development of subAKI, the involvement of changes in the protein endocytosis machinery in proximal tubule (PT) epithelial cells (PTECs) has been proposed.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Stabilization Strategies of Pharmaceutical Proteins
At the beginning of the transcription of a protein, thanks to the intracellular chaperone systems and the biophysical laws governing protein folding, correct folding occurs most of the time. When due to cellular defects and rapid protein expression, protein folding becomes problematic, and several fates may occur for the protein. In cases where misfolding leads to the loss of protein activity (such as enzymes), the corresponding disease will appear directly. As this state continues, the misfolded protein may turn into amorphous clots or aggregates with regular structures, each of which can lead to various neurological diseases or even cancer. In the most optimistic scenario, the misfolded protein enters the proteasome machinery and is initially converted into smaller peptides and finally broken down into building amino acids.
  • 999
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Gap junctions (GJ)
Gap junctions (GJ) are specialized cell-cell contacts formed by connexins (Cx), which provide direct communication between adjacent cells, allowing for the passage of small molecules and ions. GJ intercellular communication can be modulated through gating of the channel pore and also through mechanisms that regulate the amount of connexin-containing channels at the plasma membrane
  • 998
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Candidate Proteome-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. Early and accurate diagnosis of AD is crucial for implementing timely interventions and developing effective therapeutic strategies. Proteome-based biomarkers have emerged as promising tools for AD diagnosis and prognosis due to their ability to reflect disease-specific molecular alterations. 
  • 998
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Droplet-Based Microfluidic High-Throughput Screening of Engineered Strains
Microfluidic technology has become an important high-throughput screening technology due to its fast speed, low cost, high automation, and high screening throughput, and it has developed rapidly. Droplet-based microfluidic high-throughput screening has been widely used in various fields, such as strain/enzyme activity screening, pathogen detection, single-cell analysis, drug discovery, and chemical synthesis, and has been widely applied in industries such as those involving materials, food, chemicals, textiles, and biomedicine. 
  • 998
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Drug Testing Applications
The development of artificial tissue/organs with the functional maturity of their native equivalents is one of the long-awaited panaceas for the medical and pharmaceutical industries. Advanced 3D cell printing technology and functional bioinks are promising innovations in the field of tissue engineering that have enabled the fabrication of complex, living 3D tissue/organs. Various requirements for these tissues, including complex and large-volume structure, tissue-specific microenvironments, and functional vasculatures, have been addressed to engineer tissue/organs with the functionality of native tissue. Tissue/organ constructs that satisfy such criteria may facilitate the development of reliable in vitro testing platforms for drug development. 
  • 998
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Autocrine TGF-β
TGF-β is a powerful inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a differentiation switch that is required for transitory invasiveness of carcinoma cells, the generation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and phenotypic plasticity, eventually resulting in tumor heterogeneity and resistance to standard chemotherapies.
  • 997
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Food Antioxidants and Their Interaction with Human Proteins
Biochemical pathways that sustain life depend on multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to aging and/or diseases. Antioxidants are substances able to reduce, prevent, or revert the oxidation of other substances. Food antioxidants can exhibit several modes of action in the body.
  • 997
  • 04 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Epi-Nutraceuticals as Potential Broad-Spectrum Anti-Viral Agents
Plant-derived products, which have been used in traditional medicine for treating pathological conditions, offer structurally novel therapeutic compounds, including those with anti-viral activity. In addition, plant-derived bioactive substances might serve as the ideal basis for developing sustainable/efficient/cost-effective anti-viral alternatives. Interest in herbal antiviral products has increased. More than 50% of approved drugs originate from herbal sources. Plant-derived compounds offer diverse structures and bioactive molecules that are candidates for new drug development. Combining these therapies with conventional drugs could improve patient outcomes. Epigenetics modifications in the genome can affect gene expression without altering DNA sequences. Host cells can use epigenetic gene regulation as a mechanism to silence incoming viral DNA molecules, while viruses recruit cellular epitranscriptomic (covalent modifications of RNAs) modifiers to increase the translational efficiency and transcript stability of viral transcripts to enhance viral gene expression and replication. 
  • 997
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Proteasome-Associated Deubiquitinases
The 26S proteasome is the principal protease for regulated intracellular proteolysis. This multi-subunit complex is also pivotal for clearance of harmful proteins that are produced throughout the lifetime of eukaryotes. Recent structural and kinetic studies have revealed a multitude of conformational states of the proteasome in substrate-free and substrate-engaged forms. These conformational transitions demonstrate that proteasome is a highly dynamic machinery during substrate processing that can be also controlled by a number of proteasome-associated factors. Essentially, three distinct family of deubiquitinases–USP14, RPN11, and UCH37–are associated with the 19S regulatory particle of human proteasome. USP14 and UCH37 are capable of editing ubiquitin conjugates during the process of their dynamic engagement into the proteasome prior to the catalytic commitment. In contrast, RPN11-mediated deubiquitination is directly coupled to substrate degradation by sensing the proteasome’s conformational switch into the commitment steps. 
  • 996
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Haptoglobin as Glioblastoma marker
Haptoglobin (Hp) is a blood plasma glycoprotein that plays a critical role in tissue protection and the prevention of oxidative damage. Haptoglobin is an acute-phase protein, its concentration in plasma changes in pathology, and the test for its concentration is part of normal clinical practice. Haptoglobin is a conservative protein and is the subject of research as a potential biomarker of many diseases, including malignant neoplasms. The Human Hp gene is polymorphic and controls the synthesis of three major phenotypes—homozygous Hp1-1 and Hp2-2, and heterozygous Hp2-1, determined by a combination of allelic variants that are inherited. Numerous studies indicate that the phenotype of haptoglobin can be used to judge the individual’s predisposition to various diseases. In addition, Hp undergoes various post-translational modifications (PTMs). Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain tumor. In our study, we have analyzed the state of Hp proteoforms in plasma and cells using 1D (SDS-PAGE) and 2D electrophoresis (2DE) with the following mass spectrometry (LC ES-MS/MS) or Western blotting.     
  • 996
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Moonlighting Metalloproteinase
Protein moonlighting a.k.a. gene sharing has been defined as the concept that one protein processes multiple tasks and plays multiple roles [1]. Thus, multifunctional proteins are designated as moonlighting proteins. Matrix metalloproteinases play multiple roles in extracellular proteolysis and intracellular gene regulation [2,3], prompting us to propose a new definition of Moonlighting Metalloproteinase (MMP).
  • 995
  • 16 Nov 2020
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