Carbon Dots-Based Logic Gates

Version	Summary	Created by	Modification	Content Size	Created at	Operation
1		Dror Fixler	+ 1132 word(s)	1132	2021-02-24 05:26:43	\|
2	format change	Nicole Yin	Meta information modification	1132	2021-02-25 04:09:29	\|

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper

Carbon dots (CDs)-based logic gates are smart nanoprobes that can respond to various analytes such as metal cations, anions, amino acids, pesticides, antioxidants, etc. Most of these logic gates are based on fluorescence techniques because they are inexpensive, give an instant response, and highly sensitive

carbon dots logic gates Nanodevices

1. Introduction

CDs based logic gates can be categorized based on their displayed logic output. For this review purpose, we have categorized the CDs based logic gates as single output, combinational output, sequential output, and reversible systems (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Different categories of carbon dots (CDs)-based logic gates according to their output. I. Single output, where only one output is generated. II. Combinational outputs are the integration of simple logic operations to obtain the complex combinational output. III. Sequential output, which responds to multiple inputs but with different stages of activation that should happen in a predestined order. IV. Reversible systems can switch between ON and OFF states depending upon the input added to the system.

2. Single Output

The single output is the basic building block of CDs based logic gates. It is important to establish a complex logic function based on these simple single-output logic operations. This type of system responds to multiple inputs to give a single response. Due to the simplicity of these systems, many researchers have used CDs as fluorophores for developing CDs based logic gates. Lin et al. have demonstrated different logic functions such as YES, OR, NOT, XOR, and IMP based on the sensing properties of CDs with metal cations and anions. These multiple logic gates are created through sequential metal ion association and anion dissociation process with CDs^[1]. Zhao et al. constructed an AND logic gate with AgNPs nitrogen-doped CD nanocomposites without any chemical labeling and complex modification^[2]. There are several reports that have constructed AND logic operation through the detection of different metal ions, such as Cr^{6+^[3]}, Hg²⁺ ^[4], Cu²⁺^[5], and Fe³⁺^[6]. Apart from AND, other logic operations such as the INHIBIT function were also fabricated through sensing of various metal ions through different amino acid derivatized CDs^[7], histidine^[8], Cu²⁺, H₂S^[9], arginine, and acetaminophen^[10]. Other researchers developed IMPLICATION logic operations using the sensing ability of CDs for Hg (II) and cysteine^[11], AA^[12], Fe^{3+^[13]}, Hg²⁺, and biothiols^[14], Hg(II), and glutathione^[15]. A multilevel single-output logic system was also developed using gadolinium doped CDs with H⁺, OH⁻, Cu²⁺ as inputs, which trigger both Fluorescence intensity (FI) and magnetic resonance (MR) signals^[16]. Apart from the fluorescence technique, using magnetic resonance signal for dual readout logic operations is of significant importance, as the combination of FL/MR techniques gives the logic devices better applicability in case of biological application.

3. Combinational Logic Output

The output of the combinational logic operation is the instant response to their current input state as logic 0 or logic 1. This type of output depends upon the combination of the input all the time. Thus, the combinational logic circuit is termed as ‘memoryless’. Combination logic circuits combine or connect simple logic operations to build a complex logic circuit. Tang et al. demonstrated the combinational nano logic gate with a dual output channel. The supramolecular assembly based on CDs showed two distinctive patterns of logic function at two different emission wavelengths of 440 nm and 490/545 nm. The output channel at 490/545 nm consists of a combination of two INHIBIT gates^[17]. The supramolecular strategy serves as a substitute for covalent modification and simplifies the fabrication process. Zhao et al. performed half addition and half subtraction operations on synthesized pH-responsive CDs at two different emission wavelengths. A half-adder was constructed by combining XOR and AND gates, which further implement the function of sum and carry, while the half-subtractor consisted of the INHIBIT gate producing borrow bits and XOR gate for obtaining difference bits^[18]. Fan et al. have designed a three-input and three-output combinational circuit along with a keypad lock using red emissive CDs/Prussian blue composite electrode films. The complicated logic gate was constructed using elementary functions such as OR, AND, INHIBIT, and IMP^[19].

4. Sequential Output

Unlike combinational output, the third category is the sequential output in which the output depends on both present inputs and previous output. In contrast to combinational output, it has a memory, so the output varies based on the input. Qu et al. designed multiple single and sequential DNA-based logic gates. These types of logic gates were inspired by B to Z-DNA transition induced by functionalized CDs. The logic gate was constructed based on FRET between CDs and DNA intercalators and fluorescence quencher for CDs. Single AND functions were established at 585 nm and NAND logic at 465 nm. Similarly, AND + INHIBIT and NAND + INHIBIT sequential circuits were constructed at 585nm and 465nm, respectively^[20]. Fluorescence techniques have certain limitations, such as shorter emission lifetime of nanoseconds leading to inner filter emission (IFE), overlapping of excitation and emission spectra, interference from the light scattering, and short-lived autofluorescence species. These limitations can be overcome by the triplet excited state phenomena known as ‘Phosphorescence’. Wang et al. developed a phosphorescence-based OR-INHIBIT logic gate using inputs such as Hg(II), tDNA (target ssDNA), and doxorubicin^[21]. The phosphorescence logic gates are superior to most common fluorescence-based logic gates due to their benefits over fluorescence. Viswanathan et al. used the switching nature of CDs to design memory devices having sequential circuits due to reversible response with the addition of Hg(II) and L-cysteine alternatively. A Write-Read-Erase-Read nature of sequential circuit was developed using OFF-ON reversible behavior with inputs as Hg (II) and L-cysteine^[22]. Other research groups have reported integrative logic gates such as NOR and INHIBIT (INH) and IMPLICATION (IMP), NOR and AND logic functions. These logic gates have three inputs such as Zn(II), pH 2, and Cu(II) for NOR and INH and four inputs such as Zn²⁺, S^2-, Cu²⁺, and pH 2 for IMP, NOR, and AND logic operation^[23]. Recently, an integrative logic system based on dual readout logic devices with both magnetic resonance (MR) and FI of holmium doped CDs was discussed by Fang et al. The multi-readout logic circuits were developed by recording the same signal by two different readout techniques. The chemical inputs were H⁺, Fe^3+, and Fe²⁺, while the fluorescence output was recorded at 440 nm along with magnetic intensity. A fluorescence-based NOR-INHIBIT and MR-based (XOR-INHIBIT)-OR sequential logic system was demonstrated successfully^[24].

5. Reversible Output

The reversible system is interesting because it allows the reassessment of the output^[25]. The advantage of this process is that the logic operation can be performed multiple times without adding more analytes constantly. The reversible system with the activated condition can revert to its original state with the introduction of a reactivator. CDs-based reversible logic gates work on the principle of quenching the FI signal, which further recovers by a recovery agent^[9]. This type of logic gate is a potential candidate for low-power computing^[26].

References

Namasivayam Dhenadhayalan; King-Chuen Lin; Chemically Induced Fluorescence Switching of Carbon-Dots and Its Multiple Logic Gate Implementation. Scientific Reports 2015, 5, 10012, 10.1038/srep10012.
Yubin Su; Bingfang Shi; Suqi Liao; JingJin Zhao; Lini Chen; Shulin Zhao; Silver Nanoparticles/N-Doped Carbon-Dots Nanocomposites Derived from Siraitia Grosvenorii and Its Logic Gate and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Characteristics. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2015, 4, 1728-1735, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01698.
Yifang Gao; Yuan Jiao; Wenjing Lu; Yang Liu; Hui Han; Xiaojuan Gong; Ming Xian; Shaomin Shuang; Chuan Dong; Carbon dots with red emission as a fluorescent and colorimeteric dual-readout probe for the detection of chromium(vi) and cysteine and its logic gate operation. Journal of Materials Chemistry B 2018, 6, 6099-6107, 10.1039/c8tb01580e.
Zhangjun Bai; Fanyong Yan; Jinxia Xu; Jin Zhang; Junfu Wei; Yunmei Luo; Liang Chen; Dual-channel fluorescence detection of mercuric (II) and glutathione by down- and up-conversion fluorescence carbon dots. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2018, 205, 29-39, 10.1016/j.saa.2018.07.012.
Yifang Gao; Huilin Zhang; Shaomin Shuang; Hui Han; Chuan Dong; An “on–off–on” fluorescent nanoprobe for recognition of Cu2+ and GSH based on nitrogen co-doped carbon quantum dots, and its logic gate operation. Analytical Methods 2019, 11, 2650-2657, 10.1039/c9ay00424f.
Lin Li; Lihong Shi; Jing Jia; Yuan Jiao; Yifang Gao; Yang Liu; Chuan Dong; Shaomin Shuang; “On-off-on” detection of Fe3+ and F−, biological imaging, and its logic gate operation based on excitation-independent blue-fluorescent carbon dots. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2020, 227, 117716, 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117716.
Hung-Jen Cheng; Chang-Long Kao; Yan-Fu Chen; Ping-Chih Huang; Ching-Yun Hsu; Chun-Hsiung Kuei; Amino acid derivatized carbon dots with tunable selectivity as logic gates for fluorescent sensing of metal cations. Microchimica Acta 2017, 184, 3179-3187, 10.1007/s00604-017-2336-7.
Harupjit Singh; Jagpreet Singh Sidhu; Dhiraj Kumar Mahajan; Narinder Singh; A carbon quantum dot and rhodamine-based ratiometric fluorescent complex for the recognition of histidine in aqueous systems. Materials Chemistry Frontiers 2019, 3, 476-483, 10.1039/c8qm00554k.
Zi-Han Chen; Xin-Yue Han; Zi-Yang Lin; Yu-Lin Fan; Guoyue Shi; Shengqiang Zhang; Min Zhang; Facile reflux synthesis of polyethyleneimine‐capped fluorescent carbon dots for sequential bioassays toward Cu 2+ /H 2 S and its application for a logic system. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 2019, 66, 426-433, 10.1002/bab.1739.
Xiangning Bu; Yongxin Fu; Xiaowen Jiang; Hui Jin; Rijun Gui; Self-assembly of DNA-templated copper nanoclusters and carbon dots for ratiometric fluorometric and visual determination of arginine and acetaminophen with a logic-gate operation. Microchimica Acta 2020, 187, 154, 10.1007/s00604-020-4146-6.
Ting Liu; Na Li; Jiang Xue Dong; Hong Qun Luo; Nian Bing Li; Fluorescence detection of mercury ions and cysteine based on magnesium and nitrogen co-doped carbon quantum dots and IMPLICATION logic gate operation. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2016, 231, 147-153, 10.1016/j.snb.2016.02.141.
Tian Tian; Yaping Zhong; Chun Deng; Hao Wang; Yu He; Yili Ge; Gongwu Song; Brightly near-infrared to blue emission tunable silver-carbon dot nanohybrid for sensing of ascorbic acid and construction of logic gate. Talanta 2017, 162, 135-142, 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.021.
Rajkumar Bandi; Neela Priya Devulapalli; Ramakrishna Dadigala; Bhagavanth Reddy Gangapuram; Veerabhadram Guttena; Facile Conversion of Toxic Cigarette Butts to N,S-Codoped Carbon Dots and Their Application in Fluorescent Film, Security Ink, Bioimaging, Sensing and Logic Gate Operation. ACS Omega 2018, 3, 13454-13466, 10.1021/acsomega.8b01743.
Sen Liao; Xinzong Li; Hua Yang; Xiaoqing Chen; Nitrogen-doped carbon dots rapid and selective detection of mercury ion and biothiol and construction of an IMPLICATION logic gate. Talanta 2019, 194, 554-562, 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.114.
Vikas Kumar Singh; Virendra Singh; Pradeep Kumar Yadav; Subhash Chandra; Daraksha Bano; Biplob Koch; Mahe Talat; Syed Hadi Hasan; Nitrogen doped fluorescent carbon quantum dots for on-off-on detection of Hg2+ and glutathione in aqueous medium: Live cell imaging and IMPLICATION logic gate operation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 2019, 384, 112042, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112042.
Yaning Fang; Lefei Zhou; Junkai Zhao; Yali Zhang; Mo Yang; Changqing Yi; Facile synthesis of pH-responsive gadolinium(III)-doped carbon nanodots with red fluorescence and magnetic resonance properties for dual-readout logic gate operations. Carbon 2020, 166, 265-272, 10.1016/j.carbon.2020.05.060.
Yu-Jie Xie; Wen-Yu Wu; Hao Chen; Xiang Li; Hao-Li Zhang; Liang-Liang Liu; Xing-Xin Shao; Chang-Fu Shan; Wei-Sheng Liu; Yu Tang; et al. An Elaborate Supramolecular Assembly for a Smart Nanodevice for Ratiometric Molecular Recognition and Logic Gates. Chemistry – A European Journal 2016, 22, 8339-8345, 10.1002/chem.201505082.
Chuanqing Lan; Liangliang Zhang; Bingfang Shi; Dongxia Chen; Limin Zhao; Shulin Zhao; Fluorescent carbon dots with tunable emission by dopamine for sensing of intracellular pH, elementary arithmetic operations and a living cell imaging based INHIBIT logic gate.. Journal of Materials Chemistry B 2017, 5, 5265-5271, 10.1039/c7tb01072a.
Menglu Li; Zifei Wang; Jiying Liang; Huiqin Yao; Li Shen; Hongyun Liu; Louzhen Fan; A chemical/molecular 4-input/2-output keypad lock with easy resettability based on red-emission carbon dots–Prussian blue composite film electrodes. Nanoscale 2018, 10, 7484-7493, 10.1039/c8nr01258j.
Lingyan Feng; Andong Zhao; Jinsong Ren; Xiaogang Qu; Lighting up left-handed Z-DNA: photoluminescent carbon dots induce DNA B to Z transition and perform DNA logic operations. Nucleic Acids Research 2013, 41, 7987-7996, 10.1093/nar/gkt575.
Rijun Gui; Hui Jin; Zonghua Wang; Feifei Zhang; Jianfei Xia; Min Yang; Sai Bi; Yanzhi Xia; Room-temperature phosphorescence logic gates developed from nucleic acid functionalized carbon dots and graphene oxide. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 8289-8293, 10.1039/c4nr07620f.
Somasundaram Anbu Anjugam Vandarkuzhali; Sampathkumar Natarajan; Shanmugapriya Jeyabalan; Gandhi Sivaraman; Subramanian Singaravadivel; Shanmugam Muthusubramanian; Balasubramanian Viswanathan; Pineapple Peel-Derived Carbon Dots: Applications as Sensor, Molecular Keypad Lock, and Memory Device. ACS Omega 2018, 3, 12584-12592, 10.1021/acsomega.8b01146.
Wen-Sheng Zou; Qing-Chun Zhao; Wei-Li Kong; Xiu-Fang Wang; Xiao-Ming Chen; Jun Zhang; Ya-Qin Wang; Multi-level fluorescent logic gate based on polyamine coated carbon dots capable of responding to four stimuli. Chemical Engineering Journal 2018, 337, 471-479, 10.1016/j.cej.2017.12.123.
Yaning Fang; Lefei Zhou; Jun Yang; Junkai Zhao; Yali Zhang; Changqing Yi; Multilevel, Dual-Readout Logic Operations Based on pH-Responsive Holmium(III)-Doped Carbon Nanodots. ACS Applied Bio Materials 2020, 3, 3761-3769, 10.1021/acsabm.0c00356.
W.D. Pan; M. Nalasani; Reversible logic. IEEE Potentials 2005, 24, 38-41, 10.1109/MP.2005.1405801.
Vally, A. Low Power Computing Logic Gates design using Reversible logic. IJAIEM 2014, 3, 123–129.

© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.

Upload a video for this entry

Information

Subjects: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :

Dror Fixler

View Times: 599

Update Date: 24 Apr 2022

Table of Contents

Video Upload Options

Confirm