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Biography
John S. Casement
John Stephen "Jack" Casement (January 19, 1829 – December 13, 1909) was a general and brigade commander in the Union Army during the American Civil War and a noted railroad contractor. He directed the construction of the Union Pacific's section of the Transcontinental Railroad, which linked the Western United States with the East. John S. Casement was born in Geneva, New York. He worked as
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Biography
Warren F. (Pete) Miller Jr.
Warren Fletcher "Pete" Miller Jr. (born March 17, 1943[1]) is an American nuclear engineer known for his work in the areas of computational physics, radioactive waste management, transport theory, nuclear reactor design and analysis, and the management of nuclear research and development programs. Miller served as the Assistant Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Energy under Secretary of Energy St
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Blackeye Goby
The blackeye goby (Rhinogobiops nicholsii) is a species of true goby in the family Gobiidae. It is the sole species classified under the genus Rhinogobiops. They are common inhabitants of coral reefs and rocky habitats along the Eastern Pacific Ocean coasts of Mexico, the United States , and Canada , though they are hardly noticed, as they often rest motionless near their shelters. Other common names for the species include bluespot goby and crested goby. Blackeye gobies range in color from creamy white to a mottled dark purple-brown, but can easily be recognized by the distinctive black spot on their first dorsal fins and an iridescent blue spot beneath their eyes. They are capable of rapidly changing their color in response to social situations or threats. They are also protogynous hermaphrodites, starting out in life as females. They are highly territorial and each male usually maintains a harem of two to eight females.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fermented Plant Biomass in Pigs Feeding
The demand for animal-based food production is increasing mainly due to the rapid growth of the human population. The effective production of high-quality agricultural products promotes and protects the natural environment, human health, and animal welfare. Sustainable processing involves minimizing the waste stream. One way to use agricultural plant-based waste, which is often rich in bioactive substances, is to produce fermented feed in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. Corn, yellow lupins, and narrow-leaved lupins are rich in nutrients, and are suitable for fermentation and use in pig feed. They are also safe for weaned piglets. Used as a feed additive, fermented plant biomass has a positive effect on the health of pigs, increasing their weight and improving the taste and appearance of the meat. The fermentation of plant biomass reduces antinutritional substances that are abundant in feed components.
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Impact of ESG Performance on Firm Value
The integration of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) factors has attracted a great deal of attention from the business media. The reason for this is that ESG is regarded as a method of increasing firm value and improving financial performance. Companies are gradually recognizing the importance of ESG.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI
Recently, Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) MRI is emerging as an attractive approach with the capability of directly using low concentration, exchangeable protons-containing agents for generating quantitative MRI contrast. The ability to utilize diamagnetic compounds has been extensively exploited to detect many clinical compounds, such as FDA approved drugs, X-ray/CT contrast agents, nutrients, supplements, and biopolymers. The ability to directly off-label use clinical compounds permits CEST MRI to be rapidly translated to clinical settings.
  • 1.7K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Microglia in Prion Diseases
Prion diseases are rare transmissible neurodegenerative disorders caused by the accumulation of a misfolded isoform (PrPSc) of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the central nervous system (CNS). Neuropathological hallmarks of prion diseases are neuronal loss, astrogliosis, and enhanced microglial proliferation and activation. As immune cells of the CNS, microglia participate both in the maintenance of the normal brain physiology and in driving the neuroinflammatory response to acute or chronic (e.g., neurodegenerative disorders) insults. Microglia involvement in prion diseases, however, is far from being clearly understood.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cell Adhesive Force Microscopy
Cell adhesive force, exerting on the local matrix or neighboring cells, plays a critical role in regulating many cell functions and physiological processes. In the past four decades, significant efforts have been dedicated to cell adhesive force detection, visualization and quantification. Traction force microscopy (TFM) pioneered the detection and visualization of cell adhesive force. A recent important methodological advancement in cell adhesive force visualization is to ultilize fluorescent tension sensor (FTS) to convert force to fluorescence onsite, thus greatly improving the sensitivity and resolution of force imaging. Here, TFM and FTS-based imaging techniques are collectively termed as Cell Adhesive Force Microscopy (CAFM).
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
High Temperature Tribology
High temperature tribology is considered to begin from a minimum temperature of 300–350 °C, where organic base oils and polymers begin to decompose, until a temperature of 1000 °C. In this field of tribology, tests are typically run under dry or solid-state friction, unless a solid lubricant is used, since most lubricants will oxidize or break down when exposed to these extreme temperatures. Therefore, this form of tribotesting is useful to determine the friction, wear, and other tribological characteristics of coatings, ceramics, alloys, cermets, and similar materials.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Nanostructures
Carbon is a unique element of the periodic table possessing the extraordinary capability to organize its four valence electrons in different hybridization states, namely sp, sp2, sp3 leading to both strong covalent and weak π-π bonds
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
PH Value in Clinically Diagnosis
As a highly influential physiological factor, pH may be leveraged as a tool to diagnose physiological state. It may be especially suitable for diagnosing and assessing skin structure and wound status. Multiple innovative and elegant smart wound dressings combined with either pH sensors or drug control-released carriers have been extensively studied. Increasing our understanding of the role of pH value in clinically relevant diagnostics should assist clinicians and improve personal health management in the home. In this review, we summarized a number of articles and discussed the role of pH on the skin surface as well as the factors that influence skin pH and pH-relevant skin diseases, but also the relationship of skin pH to the wound healing process, including its influence on the activity of proteases, bacterial enterotoxin, and some antibacterial agents. 
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  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Soft Exoskeletons
The present entry is oriented to the studies of the last decade and covers the upper and lower joints, specifically the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, hip, knee, and ankle. Its functionality, applicability, and main characteristics are exposed, such as degrees of freedom, force, actuators, power transmission methods, control systems, and sensors. 
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants
Drought stress (DS) negatively affects plant morphological, physiological, and biochemical processes, which decrease photosynthesis, impair cell elongation and division, and reduce cell turgor pressure. Drought stress also inhibits nutrient uptake and affects gene expression, yield, and quality of crop plants. Metabolites play an essential role in plant growth and development.
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Flavonoids for Health and Longevity
Flavonoids are a diverse family of natural phenolic compounds commonly found in fruits, vegetables, tea, wine, and Chinese herbal medicine. Flavonoids have a basic C6–C3–C6 15 carbon skeleton composed of two aromatic rings and one pyran ring. Flavonoid compounds are divided into six subclasses based on their carbon structure and level of oxidation, which are flavones, flavonols, flavanones, isoflavones, flavanol, and anthocyanins.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Olive Orchard Mosaic
The olive tree is an evergreen plant with a remarkable water control process under water stress conditions. The production of olive oil in Portugal and other countries of the Mediterranean region has greatly increased. Intensification efforts have focused on the growth of the planted area, but also on the increase of the orchards density and the implementation of irrigation systems. Concerns about possible negative impacts of modern olive orchard production have arisen, questioning the trade-offs between the production benefits and the environmental costs. Therefore, it is of great importance to review the research progress made regarding agronomic options that preserve ecosystem services in high-density irrigated olive orchards. To better understand these technical options, it is equaly important to define the different types of olive orchards that can be found in olive-growing countries, such as Portugal, where the olive orchards mosaic includes Traditional (TD: 50–200 trees ha−1), Medium-Density (MD: 201–400 trees ha−1), High-Density (HD: 401–1500 trees ha−1), and Super-High-Density (SHD: 1501–2500 trees ha−1) systems.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Climate Change and Infectious Diseases
Global climate change has resulted a wide range of impacts on the spread of infectious diseases is a prominent instance due to ‘climate-sensitive’ characterization.[clarification needed] Like other climate change impacts on human health, climate change both exacerbates existing inequalities and challenges in managing infectious disease while increasing the likilihood of certain kinds of new infectious disease challenges. Documented infectious disease impacts of climate change, include increased malaria and dengue, which are expected to worsen as the global climate changes directly result in extreme weather conditions and higher temperatures. Not only will it propagate their spread, but climate change will probably bring forth new infectious diseases, and change the epidemiology of many existing diseases. Despite humanity's recent success at managing diseases such as SARS, coronavirus, and Ebola – historical data is by no means a guarantee of the future success of confrontation given that each new disease brings its own set of challenges as seen in with the ongoing pandemic regarding COVID-19. There is no direct evidence that COVID-19 is worsened or is caused by climate change.
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Geocell Configuration
Geocells, which are polymeric interconnected cells filled with soil, provide excellent support to loads through all-round confinement and a beam effect; hence, they are extensively used in various geotechnical applications such as embankments, foundations, pavements, slopes, railways, and reinforced earth (RE) walls. 
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Aurora Kinases in Lung Cancer
Lung cancer has remained one of the major causes of death worldwide. Thus, a more effective treatment approach is essential such as the inhibition of specific cancer-promoting molecules. Aurora kinases regulate the process of mitosis - a process of cell division that is necessary for normal cell proliferation. However, dysfunction of these kinases can contribute to cancer formation. The aberrant expression of Aurora kinases in lung cancer points to their crucial role in lung carcinogenesis. Therefore, understanding the fundamental functions as well as the cellular localization of Aurora kinases may contribute to evaluate their precise oncogenic function that will may lead to better specific targeting of these cancer-related molecules.  
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Current Advances in Regeneration of Degenerated Articular Cartilage
Functional ability is the basis of healthy aging. Articular cartilage degeneration is amongst the most prevalent degenerative conditions that cause adverse impacts on the quality of life; moreover, it represents a key predisposing factor to osteoarthritis (OA). Both the poor capacity of articular cartilage for self-repair and the unsatisfactory outcomes of available clinical interventions make innovative tissue engineering a promising therapeutic strategy for articular cartilage repair. Significant progress was made in this field; however, a marked heterogeneity in the applied biomaterials, biofabrication, and assessments is nowadays evident by the huge number of research studies published to date. Accordingly, this entry assimilates the most recent advances in cell-based and cell-free tissue engineering of articular cartilage and also focuses on the assessments performed via various in vitro studies, ex vivo models, preclinical in vivo animal models, and clinical studies in order to provide a broad overview of the latest findings and clinical translation in the context of degenerated articular cartilage and OA.
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Invasive Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis Poir)
Senecio madagascariensis originates from southern Africa but it has been introduced to several other countries including Australia. Climatic suitability suggests that there are large areas around the world suitable for the weed’s growth where it is currently not present. The weed poses a major threat to livestock industries in these countries through its ability to reduce pasture production and poison animals. A range of control techniques has been used to try and manage S. madagascariensis. Besides using traditional approaches, the use of competitive pastures and more tolerant livestock (such as sheep and goats) are some of the other options recommended as part of an integrated approach. 
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Jan 2022
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