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Topic Review
Coatings for Milling
This entry talks a little about the development and application of PVD and CVD coatings on machining tools.
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Dietary Nitrates in Sports Nutrition
Higher intake of nitrates from the diet can increase the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) via the nitrate–nitrite–NO pathway. Increased production of NO (e.g., in mitochondria, blood vessel cells, muscle cells) may improve physical performance. Nevertheless, the increased availability of NO via daily diet or supplementation does not always lead to improved performance in some individuals. Research observations suggest there might be fibre-type specific effects of dietary nitrates (DN) intake. It seems that ergogenicity is somehow related to the fibre-type ratio in muscles, augmenting the exercise economy and performance more likely via type II muscle fibres than type I. Therefore, more consistent and positive improvements in physical performance are usually observed in less-trained athletes (VO2max <65 mL/min/kg) or untrained. Statistically non-significant effects on performance are less likely observed in well-trained and elite endurance-trained athletes (VO2max >65 mL/min/kg). It is also essential to follow the correct supplementation plan (acute/chronic use) to enhance exercise economy or performance, whereas the chronic use of DN brings more consistent results. Nevertheless, DN offer easily available, safe and efficient ergogenic aid for some athletes who seek to improve their performance.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Psilocybin
Psilocybin, a psychoactive alkaloid contained in hallucinogenic mushrooms, is nowadays given a lot of attention in the scientific community as a research tool for modeling psychosis as well as due to its potential therapeutic effects. Psilocybin was marketed by Sandoz as Indocybin for basic psychopharmacological and therapeutic clinical research, rising in popularity during the 1960s and classified as a Schedule I drug in 1970. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring tryptamine known for its psychedelic properties. Recent research indicates that psilocybin may constitute a valid approach to treat depression and anxiety associated to life-threatening diseases. 
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Valence-shell Electron-pair Repulsion Model
There are the following main assumptions of the Valence-shell Electron-pair Repulsion (VSEPR) model. - The arrangement of covalent bonds of the atom centre analyzed depends on the number of electron pairs in its valence shell: bonds and nonbonding pairs as lone electron pairs. - The arrangement of valence electron pairs around the centre considered is to maximize their distances apart. - The non-valence electrons - inner electrons with nucleus (i.e. the core) possess the spherical symmetry (or at least it is in force for the main groups elements). It is worth to note that the intra- and intermolecular interactions influence on electronic and molecular structures in accordance with this VSEPR model.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Brain Tumor MR Image Segmentation
The precise segmentation of brain tumor images is a vital step towards accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of brain tumors. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can generate brain images without tissue damage or skull artifacts, providing important discriminant information for clinicians in the study of brain tumors and other brain diseases. Segmentation methods of brain tumor MR image are mainly divided into three categories according to different segmentation principles: traditional segmentation methods, traditional machine learning-based segmentation methods and deep learning-based segmentation methods.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Pathophysiology
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) can be adaptive, as arising from exercise, or pathological, most commonly when driven by hypertension. The pathophysiology of LVH is consistently associated with an increase in cytochrome P450 (CYP)1B1 and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and a decrease in sirtuins and mitochondria functioning. The pathoetiology of LVH is intimately associated with increased blood pressure and therefore with the array of different factors associated with hypertension, including the various manifestations and consequences of stress, obesity and diabetes. 
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Date Palm against Human Infertility
Due to its antioxidant potential, dates are considered a functional treatment for reducing the risks of infertility. In males, the date palm has a potent effect on the reproductive parameters including hormonal levels and seminal vesicle parameters as well as sperm motility, count, and viability; whereas, in females, it shows a convincing effect on reproductive parameters including oogenesis process, strengthening of oocytes, regulation of hormones, strengthening of pregnancy, reduction of the need for labor augmentation, and postpartum hemorrhage prevention. 
  • 1.7K
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Health Tourism in China
Health tourism refers to domestic and international tourism for individuals to improve their health in order to achieve the purpose of treating individuals and protecting their well-being. The concept of health tourism evolved from medical tourism to health-care tourism, and to the concurrent health tourism.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Tutedhara
A tutedhara (Nepali) or jahru (Newari) is a traditional drinking fountain found in Nepal. It is a water reservoir built out of stone with a tap that can be opened and closed. These structures are either free-standing or integrated into the wall of another building. They depend on a water well or a dhunge dhara to be filled. Only a few of them are in use today, but some of the stone parts have been put to other uses, and there are contemporary equivalents. The best known tutedhara is the one built into a wall in the royal palace on Kathmandu Durbar Square. It is inscribed with a poem dedicated to the goddess Kali, written in fifteen different languages.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Biography
Andrey Korotayev
Andrey Vitalievich Korotayev (Russian: Андре́й Вита́льевич Корота́ев; born 17 February 1961) is a Russian anthropologist, economic historian, comparative political scientist, demographer and sociologist, with major contributions to world-systems theory, cross-cultural studies, Near Eastern history, Big History, and mathematical modelling of social and economic macrodyn
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Siddharameshwar
Sri Siddharameshwar Maharaj (1888–1936) was a guru in the Inchagiri Sampradaya founded by his guru Bhausaheb Maharaj, a branch of the Navnath Sampradaya, the 'Nine Masters' tradition in India. His disciples included Nath teachers Nisargadatta Maharaj, Ranjit Maharaj, Kaadsiddheshwar, and Ganapatrao Maharaj Kannur.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Crack Healing Technologies of Asphalt Pavement
Crack healing has been a key area of asphalt pavement research. Energy supply technologies (induction and microwave heating) have demonstrated significant efficacy in enhancing the crack healing capability of asphalt pavement, particularly in microcracks. Crack healing technologies can effectively prolong the service life of asphalt pavement, thereby further reducing the damage to the environment caused by road engineering, reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Lithuania Family and Child Welfare
In Western societies, two ideologies of child welfare, namely, family support and child protection, have shaped social work practices with children and their families. Family support can be seen as services and interventions that strengthen parents’ abilities to care for their children, whereas child protection interventions aim to identify and protect children from abuse and neglect. Gilbert et al. also identified a third “child-focused” orientation, which contains features of child protection and family support but concentrates on the child as an agent who has an independent relation to the state. The child welfare system in Lithuania as a post-Soviet country with a relatively young, thirty-year history of developing child and family services.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Dhole
The Dhole (Cuon alpinus), also known as the Asiatic wild dog or Indian wild dog, is a formidable and social canid species native to diverse regions of Asia. Recognized for its cooperative hunting strategies and distinctive appearance, the Dhole plays a vital role in the ecosystems it inhabits, despite facing various conservation challenges.
  • 1.7K
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Analysis of Latin American Theme Parks
Latin American theme parks are not as well-known as North American, European, Asian and Pacific theme parks such as Disneyland, Universal Studios, Europa Park, Legoland, Chimelong Ocean Kingdom, Ocean Park and Nagashima Spa Land, but they have become an integral tourist attraction within the Latin American tourism industry, which attracts millions of visitors annually with the help of airports and airlines, public transport networks, accommodations and the wider population. Theme parks contribute significantly to the sustainability of destinations in numerous areas, including investments in infrastructures, tourism revenues, tax revenues, job creation and community sustenance.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is the most common chronic metabolic bone disease. It has been estimated that more than 10 million people in the United States and 200 million men and women worldwide have osteoporosis. Given that the aging population is rapidly increasing in many countries, osteoporosis could become a global challenge with an impact on the quality of life of the affected individuals. Osteoporosis can be defined as a condition characterized by low bone density and increased risk of fractures due to the deterioration of the bone architecture. Thus, the major goal of treatment is to reduce the risk for fractures. There are several treatment options, mostly medications that can control disease progression in risk groups, such as postmenopausal women and elderly men. Recent studies on the basic molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of osteoporosis have identified novel therapeutic targets. Emerging therapies targeting novel disease mechanisms could provide powerful approaches for osteoporosis management in the future. Here, we present current pharmacological options, and discuss emerging therapies targeting novel mechanisms, investigational treatments, and new promising therapeutic approaches. 
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Vehicle Exhaust Particle Number Regulations
In vehicle solid particle number (SPN) regulations, solid (nonvolatile) particles are defined as particles surviving thermal pre-treatment at 300-400 °C and large enough to be detected with a particle counter having approximately 50% counting efficiency at approximately 23 nm or 10 nm (depending on the regulation).
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Udwadia–Kalaba Equation
In theoretical physics, the Udwadia–Kalaba equation is a method for deriving the equations of motion of a constrained mechanical system. The equation was first described by Firdaus E. Udwadia and Robert E. Kalaba in 1992. The approach is based on Gauss's principle of least constraint. The Udwadia–Kalaba equation applies to both holonomic constraints and nonholonomic constraints, as long as they are linear with respect to the accelerations. The equation generalizes to constraint forces that do not obey D'Alembert's principle.
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Anthocyanins and Hepatoprotection
Anthocyanins are water-soluble, colored compounds of the flavonoid class, abundantly found in the fruits, leaves, roots, and other parts of the plants. The fruit berries are prime sources and exhibit different colors. The anthocyanins utility as traditional medicament for liver protection and cure, and importance as strongest plants-based anti-oxidants have conferred these plants products different biological activities. These activities include anti-inflammation, liver protective, analgesic, and anti-cancers, which have provided the anthocyanins an immense commercial value, and has impelled their chemistry, biological activity, isolation, and quality investigations as prime focus. 
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mental Health and Wellbeing
This  is a comparative study that explores  Indigenous communities, rural poverty, and mental health and well-being in Australia and Canada. It draws upon a person-centred approach  as described by Carl Rogers' humanistic psychology framework. Hence, the role of women within these communities and their strength  in support of the well-being of their families is also examined. Themes that emerge within a humanistic theoretical framework will be highlighted. Examination of current data is provided and existing research findings are compared where relevant to indigenous populations.  
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Nov 2020
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