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Topic Review
Tumor Cell Infiltration into the Brain in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor, defined by its highly aggressive nature. Despite the advances in diagnostic and surgical techniques, and the development of novel therapies in the last decade, the prognosis for glioblastoma is still extremely poor. One major factor for the failure of existing therapeutic approaches is the highly invasive nature of glioblastomas. The extreme infiltrating capacity of tumor cells into the brain parenchyma makes complete surgical removal difficult; glioblastomas almost inevitably recur in a more therapy-resistant state, sometimes at distant sites in the brain. Therefore, there are major efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning glioblastoma invasion; however, there is no approved therapy directed against the invasive phenotype as of now.
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Formic Acid Dehydrogenation Using Noble-Metal Nanoheterogeneous Catalysts
Several obstacles remain in the way of widespread hydrogen use, most of which are related to transport and storage. Dilute formic acid (FA) is recognized asa a safe fuel for low-temperature fuel cells. FA is examined as a potential hydrogen storage molecule that can be dehydrogenated to yield highly pure hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) with very little carbon monoxide (CO) gas produced via nanoheterogeneous catalysts.
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Indoor Thermal Comfort
A neutral or comfortable environment is an environment that allows metabolic heat production to be balanced with heat exchange (loss and/or gain) from the air around the worker. Outside this situation of balance, there may be adverse situations in which the exchange of heat energy constitutes a risk to the person’s health, since even taking into account the body’s thermoregulation mechanisms, they cannot maintain a constant and adequate internal temperature. Even though the milder climate scenario and constant evolution of thermal building regulation are in light of European initiatives, in Portugal, there are few houses where occupants can remain all the time in perfectly comfortable temperature conditions without resorting to heating or cooling. According to the Long Term Strategy for the Renewal of Buildings (ELPRE), this results from the combination of several factors, namely, low energy use for air conditioning compared to energy needs and aged building stock with poor energy performance. In fact, around 70% of the dwellings currently certified have low energy efficiency (C or less).
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Strategies for AAV-Based Therapy of Ducheen Muscular Dystrophin
Gene therapy using the adeno-associated virus (rAAV) to deliver mini/micro- dystrophin is the current promising strategy for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). However, the further transformation of this strategy still faces many “bottlenecks”. Most gene therapies are only suitable for infants with strong muscle cell regeneration and immature immune system, and the treatment depends heavily on the high dose of rAAV. However, high-dose rAAV inevitably causes side effects such as immune response and acute liver toxicity. Therefore, how to reduce the degree of fibrosis and excessive immune response in older patients and uncouple the dependence association between therapeutic effect and high dose rAAV are crucial steps for the transformation of rAAV-based gene therapy. 
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bacteria-Based Self-Healing Concrete
Cracking is one of the main ways that concrete ages, allowing pollutants to seep within and potentially lowering the physical and mechanical strength and endurance of concrete structures. One of the healing procedures that merits research is the use of bacterially generated calcium carbonate precipitation in concrete mixtures to mend concrete cracks. 
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Involvement in Tuberculosis
Approximately 60% of patients with tuberculosis (TB) have a cardiovascular disease, the most common associated pathological entities being pericarditis, myocarditis, and coronary artery disease.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
HIV–Host Cell Interactions
The development of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) was a great milestone in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. ARVs suppress viral activity in the host cell, thus minimizing injury to the cells and prolonging life. However, an effective treatment has remained elusive for four decades due to the successful immune evasion mechanisms of the virus.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Data-Driven Attack Detection Trends in IoT
The Internet of Things is perhaps a concept that the world cannot be imagined without today, having become intertwined in everyday lives in the domestic, corporate and industrial spheres. However, irrespective of the convenience, ease and connectivity provided by the Internet of Things, the security issues and attacks faced by this technological framework are equally alarming and undeniable. In order to address these various security issues, researchers race against evolving technology, trends and attacker expertise. 
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Opuntia (Cactaceae; Opuntioideae) Flower-Visiting Insects
Opuntia species are cacti with high ecological, economic and conservation interest in semiarid environments, particularly in Mexico. Despite the economic and cultural importance of Opuntia, there is a significant lack of knowledge about the flower-visiting insects and their taxonomic identity. Although some Opuntia species could be visited by birds such as hummingbirds, the most dominant taxonomic group of pollinators are the insects. 
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Modo
Modo (stylized as MODO, and originally modo) is a polygon and subdivision surface modeling, sculpting, 3D painting, animation and rendering package developed by Luxology, LLC, which is now merged with and known as Foundry. The program incorporates features such as n-gons and edge weighting, and runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS platforms.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Scombroid Food Poisoning
Scombroid food poisoning (SFP) is a foodborne disease that develops after consumption of fresh fish and, rarely, seafood that has fine organoleptic characteristics but contains a large amount of exogenous histamine. SFP, like other food pseudo-allergic reactions (FPA), is a disorder that is clinically identical to allergic reactions type I, but there are many differences in their pathogenesis. Since SFP is an FPA, exogenous histamine intoxication is strictly dose dependent. Increased intoxication with exogenous histamine leads to an increase in symptoms and a deterioration in the human condition.
  • 1.7K
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Community Occupational Therapy Interventions
Evaluate the level of scientific evidence for the effectiveness of Community Occupational Therapy interventions is necessary.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Digital Twins’ Applications for Building Energy Efficiency
Over the past, energy efficiency has received increasing attention from the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operation (AECO) industry. Digital Twins have the potential to advance the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) phase in different application fields. 
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Tetraspanin CD81
Tetraspanin CD81 plays major roles in cell-cell interactions and the regulation of cellular trafficking. This cholesterol-embarking transmembrane protein is a co-receptor for several viruses, including HCV, HIV-1 and Chikungunya virus, which exploits the large extracellular loop (EC2) for cell entry. CD81 is also an anticancer target implicated in cancer cell proliferation and mobility, and in tumor metastasis. 
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Power System Balancing
The use of wind power has grown strongly in recent years and is expected to continue to increase in the coming decades. Solar power is also expected to increase significantly. In a power system, a continuous balance is maintained between total production and demand. This balancing is currently mainly managed with conventional power plants, but with larger amounts of wind and solar power, other sources will also be needed. Interesting possibilities include continuous control of wind and solar power, battery storage, electric vehicles, hydrogen production, and other demand resources with flexibility potential.
  • 1.7K
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Functions of snoRNAs
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) constitute a class of intron-derived non-coding RNAs ranging from 60 to 300 nucleotides. snoRNAs canonically localize in the nucleolus where they play pivotal roles in pre-ribosomal RNA processing, guiding RNA modifications. Based on the type of modification they facilitate, namely methylation or pseudouridylation, they are classified into two main families—box C/D and box H/ACA snoRNAs. Investigations have revealed the unconventional synthesis and biogenesis strategies of snoRNAs, indicating more profound roles in pathogenesis than previously envisioned. 
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Health Impact of Fast Fashion: Exploring Toxic Chemicals in Clothing and Textiles
The fashion industry is widely recognized for its environmental challenges, but the health impacts related to textile toxicity remain significantly underexplored. Beyond the well-known issues of pollution and resource depletion, modern clothing often harbors a hidden threat: hazardous chemicals embedded within fabrics. These include dyes containing heavy metals, antimicrobial agents that foster bacterial resistance, and synthetic fibers that release microplastics. Unlike environmental discussions, the dialogue around the direct and long-term health effects of these substances is still limited. This entry addresses critical yet often-overlooked concerns, such as how chemicals in textiles contribute to chronic skin conditions, hormonal disruptions, and even carcinogenic risks. It also examines the proliferation of bacteria in synthetic garments, leading to dermatological infections and rapid fabric degradation. Furthermore, the globalized nature of production masks the contamination risks transferred from producer to consumer countries. Through an interdisciplinary approach, this entry highlights the urgent need for integrating scientific innovation, stringent regulation, and consumer awareness to mitigate health hazards in fashion. It calls for the adoption of safer textile technologies, sustainable materials, and transparent production practices, paving the way for a fashion future that prioritizes human health as much as environmental sustainability.
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Jun 2025
Topic Review
Failure Detection for Pipeline Networks
Pipeline networks have been widely utilised in the transportation of water, natural gases, oil and waste materials efficiently and safely over varying distances with minimal human intervention. In order to optimise the spatial use of the pipeline infrastructure, pipelines are either buried underground, or located in submarine environments. Due to the continuous expansion of pipeline networks in locations that are inaccessible to maintenance personnel, research efforts have been ongoing to introduce and develop reliable detection methods for pipeline failures, such as blockages, leakages, cracks, corrosion and weld defects.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Viral Purification in Vaccine Processing
Viral vectors and viral vaccines are invaluable tools in prevention and treatment of diseases. About 14% of vaccines approved by the FDA involve enveloped viruses, while out of the 15 gene therapy products approved worldwide in 2019, six of them use enveloped viruses, and 39% of gene therapy clinical trials are using enveloped viruses. Enveloped viruses are encased in a lipid bilayer which, in most cases, fuses with the target host cell membrane to infect cells. These enveloped viruses are produced in various systems, including traditional embryonated chicken eggs or more advanced cell culture technologies such as MRC-5 cells, Vero cells and HEK293-derived cell lines. The manufacturing of viral vector and viral vaccine products has always been paved with challenges related to the downstream processing. Purification process unit operations usually start with harvest and clarification, followed by intermediate purification steps, before polishing and formulation steps. Although techniques have greatly improved over the years to generate purer high-quality products and reproducible processes while maintaining or decreasing the cost of goods, regulatory agencies are increasingly stringent regarding product identity and characterization of the end products and level of acceptable impurities as a way to ensure public safety and maintain public trust in this class of medicine.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
AP-1 Transcription Factors in Cancer
Immune check point blockade therapy has revolutionized the standard of cancer treatment and is credited with producing remarkable tumor remissions and increase in overall survival. This unprecedented clinical success however is feasible for a limited number of cancer patients due to resistance occurring before or during a course of immunotherapy, which is often associated with activation of oncogenic signaling pathways, co-inhibitory checkpoints upregulation or expansion of immunosuppressive regulatory T-cells (Tregs) in the tumor microenviroment (TME). Targeted therapy aiming to inactivate a signaling pathway such as the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) has recently received a lot of attention due to emerging data from preclinical studies indicating synergy with immune checkpoint blockade therapy. The dimeric transcription factor complex Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) is a group of proteins involved in a wide array of cell processes and a critical regulator of nuclear gene expression during T-cell activation. It is also one of the downstream targets of the MAPK signaling cascade.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Sep 2021
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