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Topic Review
Schlafen 11
Schlafen 11 (SLFN11), a member of the mammalian Schlafen family of growth regulatory genes first described in 1998, was recently identified to have a casual association with response to a wide range of DDA, including platinum salts and PARPi. Multiple preclinical models and some clinical studies have demonstrated that high SLFN11 expression levels positively correlate with increased DDA sensitivity in various types of cancers.
  • 854
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Chimeric Antigen Receptors
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are recombinant antigen receptors located on T lymphocytes or other immune cells that redirect their specificity and functions.
  • 854
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Small RNA Landscape in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the second most diagnosed type of malignancy and the first cause of cancer death worldwide. The treatment of choice for NSCLC patients remains to be chemotherapy, often showing very limited effectiveness with the frequent occurrence of drug-resistant phenotype and the lack of selectivity for tumor cells. Therefore, new effective and targeted therapeutics are needed. Short RNA-based therapeutics, including Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs), microRNAs (miRNAs), short interfering (siRNA) and aptamers, represent a promising class of molecules.
  • 854
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Solitary Fibrous Tumor of Bone
Solitary fibrous tumors arising from the bone are an extremely rare event and only few cases have been previously described in the literature.
  • 852
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cell Therapy
Cell therapy is a rapidly evolving field involving a wide spectrum of therapeutic cells for personalised medicine in cancer. In vivo imaging and tracking of cells can provide useful information for improving the accuracy, efficacy, and safety of cell therapies. 
  • 852
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
TYK2 in Cancer Metastases
Genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic assays have led to identification of tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) mutations, fusion proteins and expression changes in a variety of hematological cancers, carcinomas and soft-tissue sarcomas. TYK2 is an approximately 134 kDa protein identified in 1990 as the first member of the Janus kinase (JAK) family, which includes non-receptor tyrosine kinases that mediate cytokine signaling. In humans, the TYK2 gene is found on chromosome 19, and is ubiquitously expressed at varying levels throughout the body.
  • 852
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Malignant Melanoma
Different types of cells, such as endothelial cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, pericytes, and immune cells, release extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the tumor microenvironment. The components of EVs include proteins, DNA, RNA, and microRNA. One of the most important functions of EVs is the transfer of aforementioned bioactive molecules, which in cancer cells may affect tumor growth, progression, angiogenesis, and metastatic spread. Furthermore, EVs affect the presentation of antigens to immune cells via the transfer of nucleic acids, peptides, and proteins to recipient cells. 
  • 852
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Ultrasound-Mediated Drug Delivery and Gene Therapy
Ultrasound (US) is a nearly innocuous and widely available imaging technique with a well-established role in various diagnostic applications. Diagnostic US techniques uses high frequency ultrasound waves to view real-time tissue and organs inside the human body. The use of US as a drug delivery facilitator was first described in the mid 90s, using the physical transient increased cell membrane permeability from sonoporation. Subsequent research reported the enhanced biophysical effects of ultrasound by incorporation of MBs.
  • 852
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Strategies Targeting IDH-Mutations
Mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes are the distinctive genetic feature of lower-grade gliomas (LGGs). Tumor-associated IDH1/2 mutations result in a loss of normal enzymatic function and the abnormal production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), which acts as an oncometabolite causing widespread changes in histone and DNA methylation and altering cellular metabolism. The “truncal” role of IDH mutations in gliomagenesis  is examined here, giving hints on the different therapeutic strategies targeting IDH1/2-mutated gliomas.
  • 852
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
H3K18Ac as a Biomarker in Cancer Progression
Acetylation and deacetylation are posttranslational modifications (PTMs) which affect the regulation of chromatin structure and its remodeling. Acetylation of histone 3 at lysine placed on position 18 (H3K18Ac) plays an important role in driving progression of many types of cancer, including breast, colon, lung, hepatocellular, pancreatic, prostate, and thyroid cancer. 
  • 851
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Immunotherapy Targeting Cripto-1
The immune system has been found to be suppressed in cancer patients. Cancer cells are extremely resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs, conventional immunotherapy, or cancer antigen vaccine therapy. Cancer immunotherapy, which is mainly based on immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as those for PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA4, is an effective treatment method. However, no immunotherapeutic target has been found that retains validity in the face of tumor diversity. The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β cytokine family possesses broad biological activity and is involved in the induction and/or transdifferentiation of helper T cells, which are important in immunotherapy. Nodal is a member of the TGF-β family playing important roles in tissue stem cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs), interacting with the co-receptor Cripto-1, as well as with Activin type IB (Alk4) and Activin typeIIreceptors, and maintaining stemness and Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in CSCs. 
  • 850
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetic Therapies in Modulating DNA Damage Repair Pathways
Epigenetic therapies describe drug molecules such as DNA methyltransferase, histone methyltransferase and histone acetylase/deacetylase inhibitors, which target epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. Many DNA damage response (DDR) genes are epigenetically regulated in cancer leading to transcriptional silencing and the loss of DNA repair capacity. Epigenetic marks at DDR genes, such as DNA methylation at gene promoters, have the potential to be used as stratification biomarkers, identifying which patients may benefit from particular chemotherapy treatments.
  • 850
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Melanoma
Cutaneous melanoma is one of the deadliest forms of skin cancer. While advancements in systemic targeted therapies and immunotherapies have greatly improved melanoma survival, tumor resistance can limit the efficacy of these therapies. Targeting redox homeostasis in melanoma progression is a promising therapeutic approach, especially in cases of melanoma drug resistance. The role of oxidative stress in melanoma is paradoxical in that it promotes tumor initiation but prevents vertical growth and metastasis. As the disease progresses, melanoma employs adaptive mechanisms to decrease oxidative stress in the tumor environment. Thus, agents with antioxidant properties may have the greatest utility in chemoprevention whereas those with pro-oxidant properties may be better suited for treatment.
  • 850
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
TRIM Proteins
The TRIpartite Motifs (TRIM) protein family is composed of more than 70 known TRIM proteins in humans and mice, which are encoded by approximately 71 genes in humans.
  • 849
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Angiogenesis in Adrenocortical Tumors
Angiogenesis plays an important role in several physiological and pathological processes. Pharmacological angiogenesis modulation has been robustly demonstrated to achieve clinical benefits in several cancers. Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) are rare tumors that often have a poor prognosis. In addition, therapeutic options for ACC are limited. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate adrenocortical angiogenesis along the embryonic development and in ACC could provide important clues on how these processes could be pharmacologically modulated for ACC treatment. In this report, we performed an integrative review on adrenal cortex angiogenesis regulation in physiological conditions and ACC. During embryonic development, adrenal angiogenesis is regulated by both VEGF and Ang-Tie signaling pathways. In ACC, early research efforts were focused on VEGF signaling and this pathway was identified as a good prognostic factor and thus a promising therapeutic target.
  • 849
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a rare, aggressive cancer of the biliary tract. It often presents with locally advanced or metastatic disease, but for patients with early-stage disease, surgical resection with negative margins and portahepatis lymphadenectomy is the standard of care. 
  • 849
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Brain Tumor Imaging
The application of artificial intelligence (AI) is accelerating the paradigm shift towards patient-tailored brain tumor management, achieving optimal onco-functional balance for each individual. AI-based models can positively impact different stages of the diagnostic and therapeutic process. Although the histological investigation will remain difficult to replace, in the near future the radiomic approach will allow a complementary, repeatable and non-invasive characterization of the lesion, assisting oncologists and neurosurgeons in selecting the best therapeutic option and the correct molecular target in chemotherapy. AI-driven tools are already playing an important role in surgical planning, delimiting the extent of the lesion (segmentation) and its relationships with the brain structures, thus allowing precision brain surgery as radical as reasonably acceptable to preserve the quality of life. AI-assisted models allow the prediction of complications, recurrences and therapeutic response, suggesting the most appropriate follow-up.
  • 849
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Targeting MDM2 for Neuroblastoma Therapy
Neuroblastoma is an aggressive pediatric solid tumor with an overall survival rate of <50% for patients with high-risk disease. There is a highly unmet medical need for identifying and developing more effective and safer therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma. We and others have proposed that mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) represents novel molecular target for the treatment of cancer, including neuroblastoma. In the present study, we found that SP141, a unique MDM2 inhibitor, has significant in vitro activity, in vivo efficacy, and minimal host toxicity in neuroblastoma tumor models. These results provide the proof-of-principle data for targeting MDM2 to treat high-risk neuroblastoma.
  • 848
  • 05 Jan 2021
Topic Review
2-[18F]FDG PET/CT
PET (positron emission tomography) is a noninvasive functional imaging technique based on the detection of photons resulting from the annihilation of positrons emitted by a radioactive substance known as radiotracer or radiopharmaceutical. PET equipments usually incorporate a computed tomography scanner (PET/CT) in order to obtain hybrid functional-anatomical images. Different radiotracers are used to study different physiologic processes, such as blood flow, bone turnover or expression of certain cell receptors. The most common radiotracer used in clinical practice is 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (2-[18F]FDG), a glucose analogue binded to a radioactive isotope of fluor that informs about glucose metabolism in the body. As cancer cells have high energy requirements (and, therefore, high glucose consumption), this radiotracer is mostly used to evaluate oncologic processes (disease extension, response to treatment, etc.). However, some types of cancer have low 2-[18F]FDG uptake (e.g., well-differentiated or slow-growing neoplasms), and others can have a variable uptake due to the action of certain enzymes in the metabolic route of glucose (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma).  
  • 848
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cancer Stem Cell-Targeted Therapies
Cancer stem cell-targeted therapies means therapies targeted at cancer stem cells.
  • 848
  • 19 Jul 2021
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