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Topic Review
Management of Localized Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary system. Nearly 70% of new bladder cancer diagnoses are early stage, and have not yet invaded the muscle layer, whereas the remaining 30% of patients have muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), including cancer involving the muscularis propria (T2), perivesical tissue (T3) or adjacent pelvic organs/structures (T4). The treatment of MIBC is complex and is based on a multidisciplinary collaboration between surgery, radiotherapy and medical oncology teams.
  • 866
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
New Frontier of Targeted Immunotherapy in Multiple Myeloma
The approval of monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against CD38 (daratumumab) and SLAMF7 (elotuzumab) in relapsed and refractory MM (RRMM) represents an important milestone in the development of targeted immunotherapy in MM. These MoAb-based agents significantly induce cytotoxicity of MM cells via multiple effector-dependent mechanisms and can further induce immunomodulation to repair a dysfunctional tumor immune microenvironment. 
  • 866
  • 27 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Strategies Targeting IDH-Mutations
Mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes are the distinctive genetic feature of lower-grade gliomas (LGGs). Tumor-associated IDH1/2 mutations result in a loss of normal enzymatic function and the abnormal production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), which acts as an oncometabolite causing widespread changes in histone and DNA methylation and altering cellular metabolism. The “truncal” role of IDH mutations in gliomagenesis  is examined here, giving hints on the different therapeutic strategies targeting IDH1/2-mutated gliomas.
  • 866
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor in Gastrointestinal Tumors
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now incorporated into the management of GI tumors. The heterogenous nature of these tumors, however, reveals a lack of ICI consistency in effectiveness. Certain biomarkers have emerged as being potentially predictive for ICI effectiveness.
  • 866
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Role of Mevalonate Pathway in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer’s substantial impact on cancer-related mortality, responsible for 8% of cancer deaths and ranking fourth in the US, persists despite advancements, with a five-year relative survival rate of only 11%. The mevalonate pathway and its components play crucial roles in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. Targeting cholesterol metabolism, particularly through the use of statins, holds promise as a therapeutic strategy.
  • 866
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
TYK2 in Cancer Metastases
Genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic assays have led to identification of tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) mutations, fusion proteins and expression changes in a variety of hematological cancers, carcinomas and soft-tissue sarcomas. TYK2 is an approximately 134 kDa protein identified in 1990 as the first member of the Janus kinase (JAK) family, which includes non-receptor tyrosine kinases that mediate cytokine signaling. In humans, the TYK2 gene is found on chromosome 19, and is ubiquitously expressed at varying levels throughout the body.
  • 865
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Schlafen 11
Schlafen 11 (SLFN11), a member of the mammalian Schlafen family of growth regulatory genes first described in 1998, was recently identified to have a casual association with response to a wide range of DDA, including platinum salts and PARPi. Multiple preclinical models and some clinical studies have demonstrated that high SLFN11 expression levels positively correlate with increased DDA sensitivity in various types of cancers.
  • 865
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms to Combat Resistance in PD-(L)1 Blockade
Prolonged survival and durable responses in several late-stage cancers such as melanoma and lung cancer have been made possible with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the programmed cell-death protein 1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1. While it is prudent to focus on the unprecedented and durable clinical responses, there are subsets of cancer patients that do not respond to immunotherapies or respond early and then relapse later. Many pathways of resistance have been characterized, and more continue to be uncovered. To overcome the development of resistance, an in-depth investigation is necessary to identify alternative immune receptors and signals with the overarching goal of expanding treatment options for those with demonstrated resistance to PD1 checkpoint immunotherapy.
  • 865
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Salinomycin and Its Bioactivity
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the cells in a primary tumor that have the opportunity to self-renew as well as differentiate into certain cell types, thus forming a mixed tumor. CSCs have been shown to be involved in every aspect of cancer development, including tumor initiation, proliferation, and metastatic activity; they are also involved in chemotherapeutic drug resistance and the recurrence of certain cancers. Based on these capabilities, CSCs have been explored as the next target for the treatment and management of cancer. Salinomycin (SAL), a polyether ionophore antibiotic being used in the poultry industry, was identified as a powerful anti-cancer compound that possesses broad-spectrum activities, especially against CSCs. 
  • 865
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Solitary Fibrous Tumor of Bone
Solitary fibrous tumors arising from the bone are an extremely rare event and only few cases have been previously described in the literature.
  • 864
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
CART-Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma
Available data on anti-BCMA CART-cell therapy has demonstrated efficacy and manageable toxicity in heavily pretreated R/R MM patients. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) represents a new strategy for the treatment of relapsed/refractory MM (R/R).
  • 864
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cell Therapy
Cell therapy is a rapidly evolving field involving a wide spectrum of therapeutic cells for personalised medicine in cancer. In vivo imaging and tracking of cells can provide useful information for improving the accuracy, efficacy, and safety of cell therapies. 
  • 864
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Radiogenomics in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal carcinoma is characterized by intratumoral heterogeneity that can be assessed by radiogenomics. Radiomics, high-throughput quantitative data extracted from medical imaging, combined with molecular analysis, through genomic and transcriptomic data, is expected to lead to significant advances in personalized medicine.
  • 863
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Chemokines in the Landscape of Cancer Immunotherapy
“Hot” tumors are those that show signs of inflammation, meaning they have been invaded by effector T cells rushing to fight the cancerous cells. Evidence suggests that the limited success of ICI-based immunotherapies is related to attempts to treat patients with “cold tumors” that either do not contain effector T cells or in which these cells are markedly suppressed by regulatory T cells (Tregs). Chemokines are a well-defined group of proteins with chemotactic properties. We focus on key chemokines that not only attract leukocytes to tumor sites but also shape their biological properties. We propose using stabilized forms of two of them: CXL9 and CXCL10, to enhance anti-tumor immunity and possibly transform cold tumors into hot ones. Additionally, we discuss the possibility of targeting or deleting a key subset of Tregs that are CCR8+ Tregs and are highly dominant at the tumor site of several cold tumors. This may convert these cold tumors into hot tumors, and thus extend the success of immunotherapy beyond its current limits. 
  • 863
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Non-Gestational Ovarian Choriocarcinoma
Non-Gestational Ovarian Choriocarcinoma (NGOC) is an extremely rare ovarian tumor, with an incidence of less than 0.6% of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors. Its close pathologic resemblance to Gestational Ovarian Choriocarcinoma (GOC). On pathologic examination, the tumor is indistinguishable from GOC, and only after review of tissue for paternal genetic components can the diagnosis of NGOC be made. Treatment is vastly different from GOC; NGOC requires treatment with both surgical resection and chemotherapy, with Bleomycin, Etoposide, and Cisplatin (BEP) being the most used regimen. With correct diagnosis and treatment, patients can often receive fertility sparing treatment with long term survival.
  • 863
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mismatch Repair Deficiency in Endometrial Cancer
Among the four endometrial cancer (EC) TCGA molecular groups, the MSI/hypermutated group represents an important percentage of tumors (30%), including different histotypes, and generally confers an intermediate prognosis for affected women, also providing new immunotherapeutic strategies. Immunohistochemistry for MMR proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2) has become the optimal diagnostic MSI surrogate worldwide. 
  • 863
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Urine HPV Testing
Urine HPV detection has the potential to become a most promising tool that could expand the possibilities in changing genital and cervical cancer prevention strategies as well as in the surveillance and management of genital precancer.
  • 862
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a rare, aggressive cancer of the biliary tract. It often presents with locally advanced or metastatic disease, but for patients with early-stage disease, surgical resection with negative margins and portahepatis lymphadenectomy is the standard of care. 
  • 862
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Carrier Cells for Oncolytic Virotherapy
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are an emerging class of therapeutics which combine multiple mechanisms of action, including direct cancer cell-killing, immunotherapy and gene therapy. To target metastatic diseases and tumors that cannot be directly accessed, it is of great interest to develop effective approaches for the systemic delivery of OVs, such as the use of carrier cells, which can be loaded with virus ex vivo and administered intravenously. In general, the ideal carrier cell should have a tropism towards the tumor microenvironment (TME), and it must be susceptible to OV infection but remain viable long enough to allow migration and finally release of the OV within the tumor bed.
  • 862
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Palliative Sedation
Palliative sedation can be considered as “the last resort” in order to treat unbearable, refractory symptoms or suffering in end-of-life patients. 
  • 862
  • 08 Mar 2022
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