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Topic Review
Tobacco Smoking and the Immune System
Tobacco is a known risk factor for lung cancer, and continued tobacco use is associated with poorer outcomes across multiple lung cancer treatment modalities including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Less is known about the association of tobacco use and outcomes with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which are becoming an important part of the treatment landscape in lung cancer, both in metastatic and curative settings.
  • 835
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Stem Cells and Radioresistance
The current preclinical and clinical findings demonstrate that, in addition to the conventional clinical and pathological indicators that have a prognostic value in radiation oncology, the number of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their inherent radioresistance are important parameters for local control after radiotherapy.
  • 835
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Drug for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer (BC) and accounts for 10–20% of cases. Due to the lack of expression of several receptors, hormone therapy is largely ineffective for treatment purposes. Nevertheless, TNBC often responds very well to chemotherapy, which constitutes the most often recommended treatment.
  • 834
  • 20 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) for Anticancer Drug Design
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are oxidative enzymes that catalyze the conversion of biogenic amines into their corresponding aldehydes and ketones through oxidative deamination. Owing to the crucial role of MAOs in maintaining functional levels of neurotransmitters, the implications of its distorted activity have been associated with numerous neurological diseases. Recently, an unanticipated role of MAOs in tumor progression and metastasis has been reported.
  • 834
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Primary Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors
Primary mediastinal germ cell tumors (PMGCTs) are a rare type of cancer affecting young adults. They have different molecular and clinical features compared to testicular germ cell tumors. Non-seminoma PMGCTs have the shortest 5-year overall survival and the poorest prognosis among all of the germ cell tumor presentations, while seminomas share the same survival and prognosis as their testicular counterparts. 
  • 834
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D3 Hydroxyderivatives in Human
itamin D3 (D3) is produced in the skin in two steps. Initially there is a photochemical reaction caused by the action of UVB radiation (290–315 nm) on 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) in which the B ring is broken producing pre-vitamin D3. In the second reaction, vitamin D3 is formed from pre-vitamin D3 by its thermal isomerization at 37 °C over several hours. Both the UVB intensity and the level of skin pigmentation affect the rate of vitamin D3 production. Vitamin D3 is a fat-soluble prohormonal secosteroid that has endocrine, paracrine and autocrine functions. Melanin absorbs UVB limiting the production of D3, and the same effect is achieved with clothing and sunscreen. Skin, more specifically the epidermis, has the full capacity to produce and activate vitamin D3.
  • 833
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor DNA
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) are small fragments of DNA, typically 150-200 bp in size, shed by tumors into blood through tumor necrosis, apoptosis and potentially through extracellular vesicles. ctDNA can also be found in other fluid spaces susch as cerebrospinal fluid and pleural fluid.
  • 833
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Management of Obesity in Cancer Survivors
Many cancer survivors experience weight gain following the diagnosis of cancer and its treatment. As described above, obesity not only increases the risk of recurrence in some cancers but also increases the risk of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and poor quality of life.
  • 832
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance-Guided Radiotherapy
Magnetic resonance-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) is an emerging radiotherapy technology combining real-time magnetic resonance imaging and radiation delivery. By administering radiation with a linear accelerator with built in low-field or high-field MRI, practitioners have a greater ability to align to the target for daily set-up, precisely track the motion of and thereby target or avoid tissues and adapt to inter-treatment daily changes. This decreased uncertainty has implications for facilitating smaller, less-toxic treatment margins, potentially allowing delivery of higher dose radiotherapy that will lead to better control of tumors. The technology has already found success in treating breast, prostate, pancreatic, liver, lung, and limited metastatic cancers, in addition to non-oncologic indications such as cardiac ablation. 
  • 832
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs)
Circulating tumor cells (CTC) have been recognized as the cause of distant metastasis. Their unique role as metastatic seeds renders them a potential marker in the circulation for early cancer prognosis, as well as monitoring therapeutic response. This review summarizes existing CTC isolation technologies, advances in downstream analysis of CTC and their potential applications in precision medicine.
  • 831
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Vitamins and Cancer
There is a large body of evidence suggesting a strong correlation between vitamin intake as well as vitamin blood concentrations with the occurrence of certain types of cancer. The direction of association between the concentration of a given vitamin and cancer risk is tumor specific.
  • 831
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Role of Radioembolization in Neuroendocrine Liver Metastases Treatment
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) consist of a very heterogenous group of tumors, contributing to large differences in patients’ disease burden, symptomatology, clinical and objective responses to different treatments, and prognosis. Liver-directed treatments for NELM can be divided into two categories: ablative localized treatments, e.g., radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or microwave ablation (MWA); or trans-arterial treatments, e.g., trans-arterial (bland) embolization (TAE), trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and trans-arterial radioembolization (TARE). The latter technique is also known as selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT). Radioembolization is a more commonly used and simplified term but also a misnomer. Contrary to TAE and TACE, the primary effect is not to embolize vasculature and induce ischemia but to deliver high doses of radiation to tumor tissue via trans-arterial implantation. 
  • 831
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
2-[18F]FDG PET/CT
PET (positron emission tomography) is a noninvasive functional imaging technique based on the detection of photons resulting from the annihilation of positrons emitted by a radioactive substance known as radiotracer or radiopharmaceutical. PET equipments usually incorporate a computed tomography scanner (PET/CT) in order to obtain hybrid functional-anatomical images. Different radiotracers are used to study different physiologic processes, such as blood flow, bone turnover or expression of certain cell receptors. The most common radiotracer used in clinical practice is 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (2-[18F]FDG), a glucose analogue binded to a radioactive isotope of fluor that informs about glucose metabolism in the body. As cancer cells have high energy requirements (and, therefore, high glucose consumption), this radiotracer is mostly used to evaluate oncologic processes (disease extension, response to treatment, etc.). However, some types of cancer have low 2-[18F]FDG uptake (e.g., well-differentiated or slow-growing neoplasms), and others can have a variable uptake due to the action of certain enzymes in the metabolic route of glucose (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma).  
  • 830
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Neurosurgical Clinical Trials for Glioblastoma
Standard neurosurgery for cerebral glioma requires maximal safe tumor resection. For low-grade tumors (WHO Grade II–III), maximal safe resection of the tumor confers an improved outcome without compromising functional outcomes. In the case of glioblastoma, the location of the bulk of the tumor relative to eloquent brain areas dictates the safest and most effective surgical approach.
  • 830
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Stem Cell-Targeted Therapies
Cancer stem cell-targeted therapies means therapies targeted at cancer stem cells.
  • 829
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Active Targeted Nanoparticles
PARP inhibitors were introduced as tools to protect from inflammatory diseases. Later, these selective inhibitors were evaluated as nanotherapeutic agents in clinical trials as targeted treatment strategies against solid tumors derived from ovarian, prostate, breast, colorectal, and uterine tissues. Although previous reports have established that PARP inhibitors effectively treat BRCA1-deficient cancers and increase patients’ progression-free survival (PFS), new studies have suggested that HR-deficient cells may also be vulnerable to PARP inhibition.
  • 829
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Matrix Metalloproteinases Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a member of the enzyme group that is capable of protein degradation. MMPs are recognized as metalloproteinases because they require either zinc and calcium to perform their functions.
  • 829
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Precision Medicine for Colorectal Cancer
In the field of colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment, diagnostic modalities and chemotherapy regimens have progressed remarkably in the last two decades. However, it is still difficult to identify minimal residual disease (MRD) necessary for early detection of recurrence/relapse of tumors and to select and provide appropriate drugs timely before a tumor becomes multi-drug-resistant and more aggressive.
  • 828
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin D, Sun Exposure and Skin Cancer
The current vitamin D deficiency epidemic is accompanied by an increase in endemic skin cancer. Ultraviolet (UV) exposure (neither artificial nor natural) is not the ideal source to synthesize vitamin D. There is conflicting epidemiological evidence regarding vitamin D, non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), and cutaneous melanoma (CMM), confounded by the effect of sun exposure and other factors. 
  • 828
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Strategies Targeting IDH-Mutations
Mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes are the distinctive genetic feature of lower-grade gliomas (LGGs). Tumor-associated IDH1/2 mutations result in a loss of normal enzymatic function and the abnormal production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), which acts as an oncometabolite causing widespread changes in histone and DNA methylation and altering cellular metabolism. The “truncal” role of IDH mutations in gliomagenesis  is examined here, giving hints on the different therapeutic strategies targeting IDH1/2-mutated gliomas.
  • 828
  • 07 Mar 2022
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