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Topic Review
Microplastic Removal from Wastewater by Natural Coagulation
Urban industrialization has caused a ubiquity of microplastics in the environment. A large percentage of plastic waste originated from Southeast Asian countries. Microplastics arising from the primary sources of personal care items and industrial uses and the fragmentation of larger plastics have recently garnered attention due to their ubiquity. Due to the rising level of plastic waste in the environment, the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of plastics threaten aquatic and human life. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are one of the major sources of these plastic fragments. Coagulation is a significant process in removing microplastics, and natural coagulants are far superior to their chemical equivalents due to their non-toxicity and cost-effectiveness. 
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Photocatalytic Oxidation of Methane to Methanol
Methane is one of the promising alternatives to non-renewable petroleum resources since it can be transformed into added-value hydrocarbon feedstocks through suitable reactions. The conversion of methane to methanol with a higher chemical value has recently attracted much attention. The selective oxidation of methane to methanol is often considered a “holy grail” reaction in catalysis. However, methanol production through the thermal catalytic process is thermodynamically and economically unfavorable due to its high energy consumption, low catalyst stability, and complex reactor maintenance. Photocatalytic technology offers great potential to carry out unfavorable reactions under mild conditions. Many in-depth studies have been carried out on the photocatalytic conversion of methane to methanol. 
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nanoporous Graphene Membranes for Organic Solvent Nanofiltration
The organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) technique has attracted significant attention in separation processes in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries because it can serve as an integrated system, has high energy efficiency at mild operating conditions. Nanoporous graphene has been used for OSN membrane fabrication and ultrafast solvent permeance with precise molecular separation has been demonstrated.
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ionic-Liquid-Based Materials for Protein-related Applications
Supported ionic liquids (SILs) have been investigated as alternative supports for enzymes in biocatalysis and as new supports in preparative liquid chromatography for the purification of high-value proteins and enzymes. SILs are materials in which ionic liquids are introduced to modify the surface and properties of materials, e.g. as ligands covalently bond or physiosorbed.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Fluidized Bed Reactors
Fluidized gasification reactors can be used to produce hydrogen. They are operated in three modes including bubbling, circulating, and dual beds, as depicted inC. In a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB), the fuel is introduced from the bottom or side of the bed. The bed starts bubbling when the velocity of gasification agent is beyond the minimum fluidization velocity.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Disinfection Byproducts
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed by the action of oxidant-disinfectant chemicals, mainly chlorine derivatives (chlorine, hypochlorous acid, chloramines, etc.), that react with natural organic matter (NOM), mainly humic substances. DBPs are usually refractory to oxidation, mainly due to the presence of halogen compounds so that advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are a recommended option to deal with their removal.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Superconductivity and Hydrogen Economy
Hydrogen as an energy carrier is a promising alternative to fossil fuels, and it becomes more and more popular in developed countries as a carbon-free fuel. The low boiling temperature of hydrogen (20 K or −253.15 °C) provides a unique opportunity to implement superconductors with a critical temperature above 20 K such as MgB2 or high-temperature superconductors. Superconductors increase efficiency and reduce the loss of energy, which could compensate for the high price of LH2 to some extent. Norway is one of the pioneer countries with adequate infrastructure for using liquid hydrogen in the industry, especially in marine technology where a superconducting propulsion system can make a remarkable impact on its economy. Using superconductors in the motor of a propulsion system can increase its efficiency from 95% to 98% when the motor operates at full power. The difference in efficiency is even greater when the motor does not work at full power.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a promising way to produce renewable energy. The solid-state anaerobic digestion (SSAD) with a dry matter content more than 15% in the reactors is seeing its increasing potential in biogas plant deployment. The relevant processes involve multiple of evolving chemical and physical phenomena that are not crucial to conventional liquid-state anaerobic digestion processes (LSAD). A good simulation of SSAD is of great importance to better control and operate the reactors. The modeling of SSAD reactors could be realized either by theoretical or statistical approaches.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Microalgae for Wastewater Treatment
The water resource crisis and concerns with environmental pollution prompt the necessity to upgrade conventional wastewater treatment processes. The microalgae-based wastewater treatment process has shown many advantages that can fulfill the stricter demands for improved wastewater treatment. Microalgae cultivation can be carried out in different photobioreactors and under different operational conditions. The cultivation of the microalgae biomass provides the bioremediation of some targeted pollutants through uptake/digestion or biosorption, resulting in treated effluent and the production of biomass.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Formate and Formic acid
The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to formic acid has gained significant attention as a potential environmentally friendly approach to reducing CO2 emissions and producing carbon-neutral liquid fuels. However, several challenges must be addressed to achieve the production of high-purity and high-concentration formic acid through CO2RR. One major challenge is the formation of a formate mixture instead of pure formic acid in conventional reactors. This requires costly downstream purification and concentration processes to obtain pure formic acid. 
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Polymeric Platforms and Delivery Systems of Probiotics
The selection of optimal material for probiotic encapsulation and the appropriate processing route are key parameters to ensure an efficient delivery strategy, where early degradation by GIT stimuli and harsh conditions are largely avoided. Nevertheless, selecting the materials for superior performance in complex physiological environments such as the GIT is a task made challenging not only by the obstacles to be overcome to reach the target site but also by the need to maintain high biological activities and positive responses to the changing surroundings. The fast-growing notion that encapsulates can be composed of active biomaterials should be driven by matching the material’s properties with expected responses through the GIT. Particularly, polymers exhibit versatile molecular moieties that have been widely exploited to fabricate chemical and physical delivery platforms with properties that can be finely tuned by adjusting interchain interactions. Chemical polymeric scaffolds are formed by covalent bonds between adjacent chains, while the physical ones are maintained together by charged polyvalent surfactants or ion interactions. Moreover, their versatile processability schemes facilitate obtaining different morphologies, functionalities, and the possibility to form composites with nanostructured materials in search of an enhanced response when subjected to a stimulus. Typical polymeric encapsulates comprise microparticles, microspheres, microcapsules, hydrogels, and, more recently, nanocomposite 3D matrices.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Catalysis for Biogas Steam Reforming
Hydrogen production from natural gas or biogas, at different purity levels, has emerged as an important technology with continuous development and improvement in order to stand for sustainable and clean energy. Regarding biogas, which can be obtained from multiple sources, hydrogen production through the steam reforming of methane is one of the most important methods for its energy use. In that sense, the role of catalysts to make the process more efficient is crucial, normally contributing to a higher hydrogen yield under milder reaction conditions in the final product.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Multi-Granularity Process Analytics
Data can be aggregated to lower resolution representations according to a certain rational or optimality criterion in a certain pre-defined sense. In this situation, partial information from all observations is retained and at the same time the amount of data analysed is greatly reduced. The level of resolution or granularity adopted may be different for each variable under analysis. Methods for dealing with these data structures are called multiresolution or multi-granularity, and are newcomers to the Process Analytical toolkit.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Water Activity Prediction
Water activity is one of the most important factors influencing the quality and stability of food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Molecular Design for Fragrance Molecules
The demand for new novel flavour and fragrance (F&F) molecules has boosted the need for a systematic approach to designing fragrance molecules. However, the F&F-related industry still relies heavily on experimental approaches or on existing databases without considering the consequences resulting from changes in concentration, which could omit potential fragrances. Computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) has great potential to identify novel molecular structures to be used as fragrances. 
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Hybrid Nanobioengineered Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors
Nanobioengineered-based hybrid electrochemical biosensors exploit the synergistic properties of hybrid systems that connect biomolecules with nanomaterials to engineer highly sensitive biosensing platforms for the specific electrochemical detection of different target analytes.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Recycling Waste Thermoplastics and Their Prospective Applications
Thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics are two major classes of polymers that have recently become materials that are indispensable for humankind. Regarding the three basic needs of human beings—food, shelter, and clothing—polymers and polymer-based materials have gained pre-eminence. Polymers are used in food production, beginning with farming applications, and in the health sector for the development of various biomaterials, as well as in shelter and clothing for a variety of applications. Polymers are the material of choice for all modern-day applications (transportation, sporting, military/defence, electronics, packaging, and many more). Their widespread applications have created many negative challenges, mainly in the area of environmental pollution. While thermoplastics can be easily reprocessed to obtain new products, thermosetting plastics cannot.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Liquid Crystals of Cellulose Nanocrystals
Films made from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) may have iridescent structural colours (pure or in combination with other materials). Numerous fields might benefit from understanding how CNC self-assembly constructs these periodic structures. Some applications of cellulose nanocrystals liquid crystals are covered. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Faba Bean Protein Purification Using Membrane Technology
Plant-based proteins are gaining popularity because of their appeal to vegetarians and vegans, alignment with scientific and regulatory recommendations, and the environmental impact associated with livestock production. Several techniques are employed for the separation, isolation, and purification of plant-based proteins including membrane-based separation, diafiltration, centrifugation, chromatography, electrophoresis, micellar precipitation, and isoelectric precipitation.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Tissue Engineering(TE)
Tissue engineering (TE) was initially designed to tackle clinical organ shortage problems. Although some engineered tissues have been successfully used for non-clinical applications, very few (e.g., reconstructed human skin) have been used for clinical purposes. As the current TE approach has not achieved much success regarding more broad and general clinical applications, organ shortage still remains a challenging issue. This very limited clinical application of TE can be attributed to the constraints in manufacturing fully functional tissues via the traditional top–down approach, where very limited cell types are seeded and cultured in scaffolds with equivalent sizes and morphologies as the target tissues. The newly proposed developmental engineering (DE) strategy towards the manufacture of fully functional tissues utilises a bottom–up approach to mimic developmental biology processes by implementing gradual tissue assembly alongside the growth of multiple cell types in modular scaffolds. This approach may overcome the constraints of the traditional top–down strategy as it can imitate in vivo-like tissue development processes. 
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Oct 2021
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