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Topic Review
Cleft Lip with/without Cleft Palate
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate is one of the most common congenital birth defects. This entry aims to identify novel pathogenic microRNAs associated with cleft palate. overexpression of the miR-449 family (miR-449a-3p, miR-449a-5p, miR-449b, miR-449c-3p, and miR-449c-5p) and miR-486b-5p resulted in reduced cell proliferation in primary mouse embryonic palatal mesenchymal (MEPM) cells. On the other hand, inhibitors of miR-130a-3p and miR-301a-3p significantly reduced cell proliferation in MEPM cells. Notably, a miR-130a-3p mimic could ameliorate the cell proliferation defect induced by dexamethasone (a glucocorticoid known to induce cleft palate). Taken together, our results suggest that miR-130-3p plays a crucial role in dexamethasone-induced cleft palate in mice.
  • 718
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Functional Heterogeneity of BMSC Subpopulations in Physiology
Diverse cell surface antigens and complex gene expression of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have indicated that BMSCs represent heterogeneous populations, and the natural characteristics of BMSCs make it difficult to identify the specific subpopulations in pathological processes which are often obscured by bulk analysis of the total BMSCs. Meanwhile, the therapeutic effect of total BMSCs is often less effective partly due to their heterogeneity. Therefore, understanding the functional heterogeneity of the BMSC subpopulations under different physiological and pathological conditions could have major ramifications for global health.
  • 716
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Etiopathogenesis of Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors
Neoplasms arising in the ovary originate from different cell types which constitute the tissue of the ovary. The surface epithelium, the stroma, and the cellular elements of the follicle may give rise to distinct tumors; in particular, the cellular elements of the follicle can result in sex cord-stromal tumors or germ cell tumors. OGCTs occur due to the pathologic transformation of the primordial germ cell (PGC) during the distinct stages of embryonic development.
  • 714
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Role of Epigenetic Factors Responsible for Hematopoietic Niche
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in a specialized microenvironment in a peculiar anatomic location which regulates the maintenance of stem cells and controls its functions. The zebrafish model is widely used to study the hematopoietic system, and has helped in the identification of various hematopoietic regulators.
  • 710
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Antiangiogenic Effect of Dopamine and Dopaminergic Agonists
Dopamine (DA) and dopamine agonists (DA-Ag) are known for their therapeutic effects in diseases involving neurochemical alterations in the nervous system. However, these compounds have different biochemical properties that allow them to be applied to treat other diseases, as is the case with their antiangiogenic effect, a property that can be applied to treat pathologies where angiogenesis is an important physiological mechanism, such as cancer, endometriosis, and osteoarthritis (OA).
  • 710
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
SUMOylation in Skeletal Development and Disease
The modification of proteins by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) molecules, SUMOylation, is a key post-translational modification involved in a variety of biological processes, such as chromosome organization, DNA replication and repair, transcription, nuclear transport, and cell signaling transduction. Emerging evidence has shown that SUMOylation regulates the development and homeostasis of the skeletal system.
  • 688
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
DNA Double Strand Breaks in Developing Neuroretina
The existence of double strand breaks (DSBs) in the developing mouse retina is an inherent feature of the process and it is related to the early death that occurs during development. This early cell death facilitates the selection of the fittest neurons to complete the developing process successfully. In addition to the DNA repair mutants, which are clearly involved in the DSBs repair process, the fact that the rag2 endonuclease mutant also displays a similar phenotype suggests that this process may be at the basis of the somatic variability present in mammalian neurons
  • 682
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nucleus in Drosophila Oocyte Development
Oogenesis is a developmental process leading to the formation of an oocyte, a haploid gamete, which upon fertilisation and sperm entry allows the male and the female pronuclei to fuse and give rise to a zygote. In addition to forming a haploid gamete, oogenesis builds up a store of proteins, mRNAs, and organelles in the oocyte needed for the development of the future embryo. In several species, such as Drosophila, the polarity axes determinants of the future embryo must be asymmetrically distributed prior to fertilisation. In the Drosophila oocyte, the correct positioning of the nucleus is essential for establishing the dorsoventral polarity axis of the future embryo and allowing the meiotic spindles to be positioned in close vicinity to the unique sperm entry point into the oocyte.
  • 680
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Trophoblast Cell Invasion and Uterine Spiral Artery Remodeling
The rat possesses hemochorial placentation with deep intrauterine trophoblast cell invasion and trophoblast-guided uterine spiral artery remodeling, which resembles human placentation. Uterine spiral arteries are extensively remodeled to deliver sufficient supply of maternal blood and nutrients to the developing fetus. Trophoblast cell-guided transformation of the uterus is influenced by environmental factors, the cellular constituents of the uterine-placental interface, an assortment of experimental manipulations, and disease states. Trophoblast cell invasion and uterine spiral artery remodeling can be influenced by targeting these structures within the uterus or through actions on the junctional zone and development of the invasive trophoblast cell lineage.
  • 674
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Proliferative Activity in Zebrafish Retina
Researchers performed a systematic and comparative study of the constitutive proliferative activity of the retina from early developing (2 days post-fertilisation) to aged (up to 3–4 years post-fertilisation) zebrafish. 
  • 668
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Duplicated Genes within Neural Crest Gene Regulatory Network
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are an embryonic cell type that are unique to vertebrates, which emerge from the neural plate border. During neurulation, NCCs migrate throughout the body to give rise to a diverse array of neural and non-neural cell types including cartilage, bone, smooth muscle, peripheral neurons, and melanocytes.
  • 638
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Derived miRNAs in Modulating Insect Development
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding small RNAs, are crucial regulatory factors in plants and animals at the post-transcriptional level. These tiny molecules suppress gene expression by complementary oligonucleotide binding to sites in the target messenger.
  • 637
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Lymphatic Clearance of Immune Cells in Cardiovascular Disease
The lymphatic vasculature is a vital component of the cardiovascular system, consisting of a blind-ended, highly permeable vascular network, integral in maintaining tissue homeostasis, regulation of interstitial fluid, lipid absorption, fluid drainage, and immune cell trafficking. Its role in immune cell transport is critical in the initiation of the immune response, especially following injury. This is of particular importance in the heart, where the lymphatic vasculature plays a vital role in myocardial healing following cardiac injury. By promoting cell egress or exit from the heart, the lymphatic systems favour cell clearance by way of reduction of the immune cell load in damaged tissue.
  • 628
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Desmosomes in Cell Fate Determination
Desmosomes play a vital role in providing structural integrity to tissues that experience significant mechanical tension, including the heart. Deficiencies in desmosomal proteins lead to the development of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC). The limited availability of preventative measures in clinical settings underscores the pressing need to gain a comprehensive understanding of desmosomal proteins not only in cardiomyocytes but also in non-myocyte residents of the heart, as they actively contribute to the progression of cardiomyopathy.
  • 628
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
RBM24 in the Regulation of Cancer Progression
RNA-binding proteins are critical post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. They are implicated in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes by modulating nearly every aspect of RNA metabolisms. Alterations in their expression and function disrupt tissue homeostasis and lead to the occurrence of various cancers. RBM24 is a highly conserved protein that binds to a large spectrum of target mRNAs and regulates many post-transcriptional events ranging from pre-mRNA splicing to mRNA stability, polyadenylation and translation. Studies using different animal models indicate that it plays an essential role in promoting cellular differentiation during organogenesis and tissue regeneration. Evidence is also accumulating that its dysregulation frequently occurs across human cancers. In several tissues, RBM24 clearly functions as a tumor suppressor, which is consistent with its inhibitory potential on cell proliferation.
  • 624
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Quantitative Analysis of Heart Development
Heart morphogenesis is a complex and dynamic process that has captivated researchers for almost a century. This process involves three main stages, during which the heart undergoes growth and folding on itself to form its common chambered shape. Advanced imaging techniques have allowed the integration of multiscale live imaging approaches with genetic labeling, enabling the quantitative analysis of cardiac morphogenesis.
  • 615
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Divergent Pluripotent in Mouse and Human Cells
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), which can self-renew and give rise to all cell types in all three germ layers, have great potential in regenerative medicine. Studies have shown that PSCs can have three distinct but interrelated pluripotent states: naive, formative, and primed. The PSCs of each state are derived from different stages of the early developing embryo and can be maintained in culture by different molecular mechanisms.
  • 612
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Oogenesis in Women
It is a well-known fact that the reproductive organs in women, especially oocytes, are exposed to numerous regulatory pathways and environmental stimuli. The maternal age is one cornerstone that influences the process of oocyte fertilization. More precisely, the longer a given oocyte is in the waiting-line to be ovulated from menarche to menopause, the longer the duration from oogenesis to fertilization, and therefore, the lower the chances of success to form a viable embryo. The age of menarche in girls ranges from 10 to 16 years, and the age of menopause in women ranges from approximately 45 to 55 years. Researchers are paying attention to the regulatory pathways that are impacting the oocyte at the very beginning during oogenesis in fetal life to discover genes and proteins that could be crucial for the oocyte’s lifespan. 
  • 612
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
High-Fat Diet on Disease Development of PCOS
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder among women at reproductive age, which can contribute to menstrual irregularities or an absence of menstruation, high androgen levels, and related metabolic and psychological consequences. PCOS is frequently associated with abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and cardiovascular risk factors.
  • 606
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Developmental Neurotoxicity Testing Using an Invertebrate Embryo
Developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) of chemical compounds disrupts the formation of a normal brain. One of the fundamental features of brain development is the specificity of the anatomical wiring. Neurons elongate their nascent axons by a growth cone positioned at the axon tip. Multiple extracellular guidance cues are integrated by the signal transduction pathways of the growth cone, ultimately resulting in motility changes and goal-directed navigation.
  • 602
  • 03 Mar 2022
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