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Topic Review
Biomarkers of Small Cell Lung Cancer
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a high-grade neuroendocrine malignancy with an aggressive behavior and dismal prognosis. 5-year overall survival remains a disappointing 7%. Genomically, SCLCs are homogeneous compared to non-small cell lung cancers and are characterized almost always by functional inactivation of RB1 and TP53 with no actionable mutations. Additionally, SCLCs histologically appear uniform. Thus, SCLCs are managed as a single disease with platinum-based chemotherapy remaining the cornerstone of treatment. Recent studies have identified expression of dominant transcriptional signatures which may permit classification of SCLCs into four biologically distinct subtypes, namely, SCLC-A, SCLC-N, SCLC-P, and SCLC-I. These groups are readily detectable by immunohistochemistry and also have potential predictive utility for emerging therapies, including PARPi, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and DLL3 targeted therapies. In contrast with their histology, studies have identified that SCLCs display both inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Identification of subpopulations of cells with high expression of PLCG2 has been linked with risk of metastasis. SCLCs also display subtype switching under therapy pressure which may contribute furthermore to metastatic ability and chemoresistance. 
  • 887
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Autophagy in Tumor Immune System
Autophagy is a stress-induced process that eliminates damaged organelles and dysfunctional cargos in cytoplasm, including unfolded proteins. Autophagy is involved in constructing the immunosuppressive microenvironment during tumor initiation and progression. It appears to be one of the most common processes involved in cancer immunotherapy, playing bidirectional roles in immunotherapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that inducing or inhibiting autophagy contributes to immunotherapy efficacy. Exploring autophagy targets and their modifiers to control autophagy in the tumor microenvironment is an emerging strategy to facilitate cancer immunotherapy. 
  • 887
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
LncRNAE2F4
LncRNA is a promising biomarker that predicts the prognosis of a variety of cancers, but the important role of E2F4antisense lncRNA in cancer remains unclear.  E2F4as was highly expressed in ovarian cancer patients, and that the higher the expression of E2F4as, the worse the patient’s prognosis. 
  • 886
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Radiotherapy Induced Immunogenic Cell Death
The immunogenic cell death (ICD) is defined as a regulated cell death able to induce an adaptive immunity. It depends on different parameters including sufficient antigenicity, adjuvanticity and favorable microenvironment conditions. Radiation therapy (RT), a pillar of modern cancer treatment, is being used in many tumor types in curative, (neo) adjuvant, as well as metastatic settings. The anti-tumor effects of RT have been traditionally attributed to the mitotic cell death resulting from the DNA damages triggered by the release of reactive oxygen species. Recent evidence sug-gests that RT may also exert its anti-tumor effect by recruiting tumor-specific immunity. RT is able to induce the release of tumor antigens, to act as an immune adjuvant and thus to synergize with the anti-tumor immunity. The advent of new efficient immunotherapeutic agents, such as im-mune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), in multiple tumor types sheds new light on the opportunity of combining RT and ICI.
  • 886
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Low-Grade Gliomas
Low-Grade Gliomas (LGGs) represent a diverse group of brain tumors originating from glial cells, characterized by their unique histopathological and molecular features. Here offers a comprehensive exploration of LGGs, shedding light on their subtypes, histological and molecular aspects. By delving into the World Health Organization’s grading system, 5th edition, various specificities were added due to an in-depth understanding of emerging laboratory techniques, especially genomic analysis.
  • 885
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Oligometastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus
Esophageal adenocarcinoma is an aggressive cancer of increasing incidence and is associated with poor prognosis. The early recognition of synchronous and metachronous oligometastasis in esophageal adenocarcinoma may allow for prompt intervention and potentially improved survival. However, curative approaches to oligometastatic esophageal disease remain unproven and may represent an area of emerging divergence of opinion for surgical and medical oncologists. We sought to identify the current understanding and evidence for management of oligometastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma by performing a thorough review of the available literature
  • 884
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women worldwide and its management remains challenging and complex. As Cytochrome4Z1 (CYP4Z1) is overexpressed in many tumours, its expression in cervical cancer is unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate CYP4Z1 expression in cervical cancers. Methods: CYP4Z1 expression was immunohistochemically assessed in 100 cases of cervical cancers along with ten normal cervix tissues, and the enzyme’s relationship to several clinicopathological features and survival was explored. Results: CYP4Z1 was strongly expressed in 55% of cervical cancer patients. Normal cervix samples were negative for CYP4Z1 expression. Importantly, this expression was significantly found in patients with the late stage of the disease, lymph node metastasis, and high tumour invasion (p < 0.05). Interestingly, CYP4Z1 expression was significantly correlated with shorter survival times of cervical cancer patients. Univariate analysis showed that CYP4Z1 expression, tumour stage, lymph node metastasis, and tumour invasion were significantly correlated with patient survival (p < 0.05). The multivariate analysis revealed that only CYP4Z1 expression and tumour stage were significantly correlated with patient survival (p < 0.05). Conclusions: CYP4Z1 expression is associated with cervical cancer patients’ survival and may serve as an independent predictor of poor prognosis in cervical cancer patients. 
  • 884
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
PIM Kinases in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematologic malignancy in the United States. Eventually, all myeloma patients will relapse and develop resistance to currently available agents. There is an unmet medical need to identify novel therapeutic targets. PIM kinases play an important role in myeloma pathogenesis and disease relapse.
  • 883
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Bispecific Antibodies for IFN-β Delivery to ErbB2+ Tumors
The main aim of this work was to create a full-length bispecific antibody (BsAb) as a vehicle for the targeted delivery of interferon-beta (IFN-β) to ErbB2+ tumor cells in the form of non-covalent complex of BsAb and IFN-β. Such a construct is a CrossMab-type BsAb, consisting of an ErbB2-recognizing trastuzumab moiety, a part of chimeric antibody to IFN-β, and human IgG1 Fc domain carrying knob-into-hole amino acid substitutions necessary for the proper assembly of bispecific molecules. The IFN-β- recognizing arm of BsAb not only forms a complex with the cytokine but neutralizes its activity, thus providing a mechanism to avoid the side effects of the systemic action of IFN-β by blocking IFN-β Interaction with cell receptors in the process of cytokine delivery to tumor sites. Enzyme sandwich immunoassay confirmed the ability of BsAb to bind to human IFN-β comparable to that of the parental chimeric mAb.
  • 883
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor in Taiwan
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a rare, highly aggressive embryonal brain tumor most commonly presenting in young children. Older age, supratentorial site, and treatment with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or both were significantly associated with better survival of patients with AT/RT in Taiwan. 
  • 883
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Transient Nuclear Envelope Rupture during Metastasis
Metastasis is the process that allows the seeding of tumor cells in a new organ. The migration and invasion of cancer cells involves the pulling, pushing, and squeezing of cells through narrow spaces and pores. Tumor cells need to cross several physical barriers, such as layers of basement membranes as well as the endothelium wall during the way in and out of the blood stream, to reach the new organ.
  • 883
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Early-Stage Cervical Cancer
Early-stage cervical cancers refer to tumors ≤ 4 cm in the largest dimension, and are restricted to the uterine cervix without lymph node involvement, thus enclosing the FIGO 2018 stage IA, IB1, and IB2 diseases.
  • 883
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Local Workup for Different Stages of Cervical Cancer
Constant technological development of modern imaging has led to substantial improvement in management and decision-making in the diagnostic and prognostic process of many different neoplasms. This also applies to cervical cancer. The main evidence, providing the base of recently updated ESGO-ESTRO-ESP recommendations (2023) on the management and treatment of cervical cancer, has been evaluated and reviewed. Ultrasound has been suggested as a valid alternative to MRI in primary diagnostic workup of cervical cancer if performed by an expert sonographer. Additionally, CT or PET/CT exhibits a substantial role in assessing the extrapelvic spread of the disease in locally advanced cases or when suspicious lymph nodes are detected. 
  • 883
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Precision Medicine for Colorectal Cancer
In the field of colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment, diagnostic modalities and chemotherapy regimens have progressed remarkably in the last two decades. However, it is still difficult to identify minimal residual disease (MRD) necessary for early detection of recurrence/relapse of tumors and to select and provide appropriate drugs timely before a tumor becomes multi-drug-resistant and more aggressive.
  • 883
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
SBRT-PATHY
Encouraging SBRT-PATHY-clinical outcomes, together with immunohistochemical and gene-expression analyses of surgically removed abscopal-tumor sites, suggested that delivery of the high-dose radiation to the partial (hypoxic) tumor volume, with optimal timing based on the homeostatic fluctuation of the immune response and sparing the peritumoral immune-environment, would significantly enhance the immune-mediated anti-tumor effects.
  • 881
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
RAS in Glioblastoma Tumor Microenvironment
The Renin-angiotensin system (RAS), as a constituent of the tumor microenvironment (TME), is involved in several hallmarks of cancer, including angiogenesis, hypoxia, and tumor cell proliferation. Components of the RAS are expressed in different types of cancer including colon adenocarcinoma and malignant melanoma. RAS components are also expressed by cancer stem cells in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), renal clear cell carcinoma, primary, and metastatic, cutaneous SCC, metastatic colon adenocarcinoma, metastatic malignant melanoma, and glioblastoma.
  • 881
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Female Oncofertility
Female oncofertility is recently implemented conception in the female fertility treatment. It includes the therapeutic approaches to preserve the fertility competence in cancer patients.
  • 881
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cutaneous Immune-Related Adverse Events
Dermatologic complications arise as the earliest and most frequently observed adverse events among all immune-related adverse events (irAEs), affecting between 30 and 50% of patients on Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The symptoms may significantly impair patients’ quality of life, and even lead to a pause of immunotherapy treatment. Fortunately, the majority of cirAEs seem to be mild and manageable, but there are still a few serious events (grade III or IV) being observed. Maculopapular rash, pruritus, lichenoid eruptions, and vitiligo are the most widely reported cutaneous adverse events. Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), consisting of Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), are rare but potentially life-threatening. Other less-frequent manifestations include ICI-induced dermatomyositis, Sweet syndrome, interstitial granulomatous dermatitis, pityriasis rubra pilaris-like erythroderma, and lupus-like cutaneous reaction.
  • 881
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Primary Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors
Primary mediastinal germ cell tumors (PMGCTs) are a rare type of cancer affecting young adults. They have different molecular and clinical features compared to testicular germ cell tumors. Non-seminoma PMGCTs have the shortest 5-year overall survival and the poorest prognosis among all of the germ cell tumor presentations, while seminomas share the same survival and prognosis as their testicular counterparts. 
  • 881
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Holoenzyme PP1-SPN in Cell Cycle
Cell cycle progression is highly regulated by modulating the phosphorylation status of retinoblastoma (RB) family proteins. This process is controlled by a balance in the action of kinases, such as the complexes formed by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins, and phosphatases, mainly the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). The PP1-Spinophilin (SPN) holoenzyme has been described as the main phosphatase responsible for the dephosphorylation of RB proteins during the G0/G1 transition and at the end of G1.
  • 880
  • 23 Jun 2021
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