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Topic Review
Molecular Radiobiology with Liquid Biopsies
Using liquid biopsy techniques including ctDNA analysis as tools to study radiobiology in patients with cancer.
  • 894
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy and Breast Cancer
Despite an increase in the incidence of breast cancer worldwide, overall prognosis has been consistently improving owing to the development of multiple targeted therapies and novel combination regimens including endocrine therapies, aromatase inhibitors, Her2-targeted therapies, and cdk4/6 inhibitors. Immunotherapy is also being actively examined for some breast cancer subtypes.  It is interesting to note that cancer cells quickly adapt and evade most therapies by activating autophagy, a catabolic process designed to recycle damaged cellular components and provide energy.
  • 894
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
CeRNAs-Mediated Autophagy
Chemoresistance and metastasis are the main malignant features in cancer, resulting the unfavorable outcome. Accumulating evidence suggest dyregulated autophagy contributes to resistance to conventional therapy and metastasis which can be regulated by lncRNAs, circRNAs and miRNAs. Autophagy consists of a cascade of steps controlled by different autophagy related genes that can be regulated those ncRNAs. The lncRNAs, circRNAs, miRNAs, mRNAs compromised competing endogenous RNA network and participate in carcinogenesis. Here, we attempt to review the role of ceRNAs in cancer metastasis and chemoresistance through autophagy regulation.
  • 892
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Mycobiome and Cancer
Although comprising a much smaller proportion of the human microbiome, the fungal community has gained much more attention lately due to its multiple and yet undiscovered interactions with the human bacteriome and the host. Head and neck cancer carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma have been associated with dissimilarities in the composition of the mycobiome between cases with cancer and non-cancer subjects. In particular, an abundance of Malassezia has been associated with the onset and progression of colorectal carcinoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, while the genera Schizophyllum, a member of the oral mycobiome, is suggested to exhibit anti-cancer potential. The use of multi-omics will further assist in establishing whether alterations in the human mycobiome are causal or a consequence of specific types of cancers. 
  • 892
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Stage III Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the second-most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The most common histological type is non-small-cell lung cancer, accounting for 85% of all lung cancer cases. About one out of three new cases of non-small-cell lung cancer are diagnosed at a locally advanced stage—mainly stage III—consisting of a widely heterogeneous group of patients presenting significant differences in terms of tumor volume, local diffusion, and lymph nodal involvement. Stage III NSCLC therapy is based on the pivotal role of multimodal treatment, including surgery, radiotherapy, and a wide-ranging option of systemic treatments.
  • 892
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Breast Cancer Dormancy in the Bone Marrow
Breast cancer cells travel via the bloodstream to the bone before the cancer is detectable in the breast. These disseminated cells are resistant to adjuvant chemotherapy and hormone therapy administered for the very purpose of eliminating them. They recur steadily for more than 20 years, resulting in incurable diseases. The bone marrow location, or niche, which normally provides a nest for blood-forming cells to enable them to generate blood for the entire lifetime of an individual, also protects these disseminated tumor cells and places them into a state of quiescence called dormancy. 
  • 892
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
BRAF Gene and Melanoma
As widely acknowledged, 40–50% of all melanoma patients harbour an activating BRAF mutation (mostly BRAF V600E). The identification of the RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK (MAP kinase) signalling pathway and its targeting has represented a valuable milestone for the advanced and, more recently, for the completely resected stage III and IV melanoma therapy management. However, despite progress in BRAF-mutant melanoma treatment, the two different approaches approved so far for metastatic disease, immunotherapy and BRAF+MEK inhibitors, allow a 5-year survival of no more than 60%, and most patients relapse during treatment due to acquired mechanisms of resistance. Deep insight into BRAF gene biology is fundamental to describe the acquired resistance mechanisms (primary and secondary) and to understand the molecular pathways that are now being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies with the aim of improving outcomes in BRAF-mutant patients. 
  • 891
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
BRAFV600E
Despite some successes of selective anti-BRAFV600E inhibitors, resistance remains a major challenge. The aim of our study is to determine the role of nuclear BRAFV600E and its newly identified partner, HMOX1, in melanoma aggressiveness and drug resistance. 
  • 891
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Implications for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a type of cancer that arises in the exocrine glands of the pancreas and comprises over 90% of pancreatic malignancies. Currently the 11th most common cancer worldwide, PDAC is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths and is on track to move to second place by 2030. Despite the high prevalence, therapeutic options remain limited, with only modest improvements in overall survival (OS) occurring over the past 50 years.
  • 891
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Vitamins and Cancer
There is a large body of evidence suggesting a strong correlation between vitamin intake as well as vitamin blood concentrations with the occurrence of certain types of cancer. The direction of association between the concentration of a given vitamin and cancer risk is tumor specific.
  • 891
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Radio-Immunotherapy
Radio-Immunotherapy: the combination effect of radiotherapy and immunotherapy on tumors, which may have much better therapeutic efficacy than each of them alone.
  • 890
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Therapy for Brain Metastases
This manuscript reviews the impact of tumor biology and molecular profiles on the management paradigm for BM patients and critically analyzes the current landscape of SRS, with a specific focus on integration with systemic therapy. We also discuss emerging treatment strategies combining SRS and ICIs, the impact of timing and the sequencing of these therapies around SRS, the effect of corticosteroids, and review post-treatment imaging findings, including pseudo-progression and radiation necrosis.
  • 889
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Current Treatment Options of Metastatic Breast Cancer
breast cancer subtypes and classifications are well-characterized and personalized for each patient group. To this extent, given the distinct classification of breast cancer, the therapeutic decision and algorithms of metastatic disease is largely dependent on its molecular subclassification and on HR and HER-2 expression status.
  • 889
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Rectal Cancer after Prostate Radiation
Radiation therapy is commonly used in the treatment of prostate cancer, but it is a carcinogen itself. Long-term survivors of prostate cancer who were treated with pelvic radiotherapy have been reported to be at increased risk for developing rectal cancer compared to those treated with surgery. The molecular features of radiation-associated rectal cancer have not been fully investigated, and survival is lower compared to non-irradiated rectal cancer patients. Ultimately, it is unclear whether the worse outcomes are related to differences in patient characteristics, treatment-related factors, or tumor biology. 
  • 889
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Therapy Induced Senescence
Cellular senescence participates to fundamental processes like tissue remodeling in embryo development, wound healing and inhibition of preneoplastic cell growth. Most senescent cells display common hallmarks, among which the most characteristic is a permanent (or long lasting) arrest of cell division. However, upon senescence, different cell types acquire distinct phenotypes, which also depend on the specific inducing stimuli. Senescent cells are metabolically active and secrete a collection of growth factors, cytokines, proteases, and matrix-remodeling proteins collectively defined as senescence-associated secretory phenotype, SASP. Through SASP, senescent cells modify their microenvironment and engage in a dynamic dialog with neighbor cells. Senescence of neoplastic cells, at least temporarily, reduces tumor expansion, but SASP of senescent cancer cells as well as SASP of senescent stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment may promote the growth of more aggressive cancer subclones.
  • 888
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
New Biomarkers for Clinical Practice in Colorectal Cancer
Advances in genomic technologies have significantly improved the management of colorectal cancer (CRC). Several biomarkers have been identified in CRC that enable personalization in the use of biologic agents that have shown to enhance the clinical outcomes of patients.
  • 888
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Biomarkers of Colorectal Cancer
Metabolic biomarkers of colorectal cancer (CRC) can be found in several matrices obtained from human body, such as breath, urine, feces, blood, intestinal gas, and tissue. Metabolic CRC biomarkers consist of small molecules, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which patterns (profiles) can be acquired by analytical techniques and be used to study the presence and progression of disease in the organism. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a technique that allows to analyze volatiles and other classes of compounds of different chemical groups. Molecular profiles may indicate very specific biochemical ongoing processes in a biological system. Comparisons of metabolic profiles and the processing of this data using statistical tools can potentially enacoloble to distinguish diseased subjects from healthy ones.
  • 887
  • 15 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Uveal Melanomas
Traditionally, it has been thought that metastatic spread in uveal melanoma (UM) and dissemination occurs prior to presentation and that treatment of the primary tumor does not change outcome. However, it seems as though small UM tumours can not only be lethal with high risk monosomy 3 mutations, treated at an earlier time point at a smaller stage seems to improve mortality outcomes. 
  • 887
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
3 Cycles of 177Lu-PSMA Therapy
The [177Lu]Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy (PSMA-RLT) has emerged as a successful treatment option in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). 
  • 887
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a highly aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma confined to the central nervous system (CNS) and mainly affects elderly patients.
  • 887
  • 30 Aug 2021
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