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Topic Review
Oligometastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus
Esophageal adenocarcinoma is an aggressive cancer of increasing incidence and is associated with poor prognosis. The early recognition of synchronous and metachronous oligometastasis in esophageal adenocarcinoma may allow for prompt intervention and potentially improved survival. However, curative approaches to oligometastatic esophageal disease remain unproven and may represent an area of emerging divergence of opinion for surgical and medical oncologists. We sought to identify the current understanding and evidence for management of oligometastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma by performing a thorough review of the available literature
  • 876
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Stages, Grades and Types of  Bladder Cancer
The bladder is a hollow organ located in the lower abdominal region. The bladder is contiguous with the ureters above, through which urine flows from the kidneys, and the urethra below, which dispels urine from the body. There are four parts to the bladder, the apex or dome, body, fundus, and neck. The apex is the anterosuperior part of the bladder that points towards the abdominal wall. The fundus, or base, is the posteroinferior part of the bladder. The fundus lies on the inferior aspect of the proximal wall while the apex lies on the anterior aspect of the wall, extending towards the pubic symphysis. The body of the bladder is the large area situated between the apex and the fundus. The neck of the bladder is the constricted part of the bladder that leads to the urethra. The upper part of the bladder consists of the apex and body which are above the ureteric orifices. The lower part consists of the fundus, neck, and trigone. The trigone is an inverted triangular-shaped area of space that is made entirely of smooth muscle. Its superolateral angles are formed by the ureteric orifices. The neck lies at the base of the trigone and it is the most inferior point of the bladder.
  • 876
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
CSCs in Breast Cancer
Unlike other breast cancer subtypes, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has no specific targets and is characterized as one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer that disproportionately accounts for the majority of breast cancer-related deaths. Current conventional chemotherapeutics target the bulk tumor population, but not the cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are capable of initiating new tumors to cause disease relapse. Recent studies have identified distinct epithelial-like (E) ALDH+ CSCs, mesenchymal-like (M) CD44+/CD24− CSCs, and hybrid E/M ALDH+/CD44+/CD24− CSCs. These subtypes of CSCs exhibit differential signal pathway regulations, possess plasticity, and respond differently to treatment. As such, co-inhibition of different subtypes of CSCs is key to viable therapy. 
  • 876
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Ozone Therapy
ozone therapy can induce an adaptive antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response, which could be potentially useful in the management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. 
  • 874
  • 31 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pediatric Sarcoma
Sarcomas are mesenchymal malignancies accounting for about 15% of cancers in children and adolescents, making them the third most common group of childhood cancers, following blood malignancies and brain tumors.
  • 874
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Obesity and Cancer
The obesity is associated with many adverse health effects, including worse cancer outcomes. It has been established that obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) is a major risk factor for many types of cancer.
  • 874
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
PIM Kinases in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematologic malignancy in the United States. Eventually, all myeloma patients will relapse and develop resistance to currently available agents. There is an unmet medical need to identify novel therapeutic targets. PIM kinases play an important role in myeloma pathogenesis and disease relapse.
  • 873
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cutaneous Immune-Related Adverse Events
Dermatologic complications arise as the earliest and most frequently observed adverse events among all immune-related adverse events (irAEs), affecting between 30 and 50% of patients on Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The symptoms may significantly impair patients’ quality of life, and even lead to a pause of immunotherapy treatment. Fortunately, the majority of cirAEs seem to be mild and manageable, but there are still a few serious events (grade III or IV) being observed. Maculopapular rash, pruritus, lichenoid eruptions, and vitiligo are the most widely reported cutaneous adverse events. Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), consisting of Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), are rare but potentially life-threatening. Other less-frequent manifestations include ICI-induced dermatomyositis, Sweet syndrome, interstitial granulomatous dermatitis, pityriasis rubra pilaris-like erythroderma, and lupus-like cutaneous reaction.
  • 873
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Imaging Labels for Nanotheranostics in Cancer Treatment
For targeted nanoDDS, imaging serves as a “pilot” evaluation of where a targeted Nanoparticles (NPs) localizes, shedding light on “on-target efficiency”. The image-guided treatment regime can also facilitate identifying patients who lack the common target and will not respond to treatment, which is critical for treatment planning. Designing nanotheranostic particles with high efficiency and translational potential demands careful choice of the composition of NPs, imaging labels to be added to the NPs, in addition to their target of choice and cargo to be delivered.
  • 873
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Early-Stage Cervical Cancer
Early-stage cervical cancers refer to tumors ≤ 4 cm in the largest dimension, and are restricted to the uterine cervix without lymph node involvement, thus enclosing the FIGO 2018 stage IA, IB1, and IB2 diseases.
  • 873
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Bone Metastases in Prostate Cancer
Clinically relevant bone metastases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality for prostate cancer patients. Distinct phenotypes are described: osteoblastic, the more common osteolytic and mixed. A molecular classification has been also proposed. Bone metastases start with the tropism of cancer cells to the bone through different multi-step tumor–host interactions, as described by the “metastatic cascade” model.
  • 873
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
RAS in Glioblastoma Tumor Microenvironment
The Renin-angiotensin system (RAS), as a constituent of the tumor microenvironment (TME), is involved in several hallmarks of cancer, including angiogenesis, hypoxia, and tumor cell proliferation. Components of the RAS are expressed in different types of cancer including colon adenocarcinoma and malignant melanoma. RAS components are also expressed by cancer stem cells in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), renal clear cell carcinoma, primary, and metastatic, cutaneous SCC, metastatic colon adenocarcinoma, metastatic malignant melanoma, and glioblastoma.
  • 872
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Mycobiome and Cancer
Although comprising a much smaller proportion of the human microbiome, the fungal community has gained much more attention lately due to its multiple and yet undiscovered interactions with the human bacteriome and the host. Head and neck cancer carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma have been associated with dissimilarities in the composition of the mycobiome between cases with cancer and non-cancer subjects. In particular, an abundance of Malassezia has been associated with the onset and progression of colorectal carcinoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, while the genera Schizophyllum, a member of the oral mycobiome, is suggested to exhibit anti-cancer potential. The use of multi-omics will further assist in establishing whether alterations in the human mycobiome are causal or a consequence of specific types of cancers. 
  • 872
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Genomic Instability in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a genetically complex and heterogeneous hematological cancer that remains incurable despite the introduction of novel therapies in the clinic. The surprising finding that MM cells present rampant genomic instability has ignited concerted efforts to understand its origin and exploit it for therapeutic purposes.
  • 871
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Breast Cancer in Asia
Nearly all breast cancer patients survive for more than five years when the tumor is found early and in the localized stage. Regular clinical breast examinations, mammograms, and monthly self-exams of the breasts all contribute to early detection. However, late-stage breast cancers are common in many Asian countries. Low-income countries suffer from a lack of resources for breast cancer screening. Close to half (45.4%) of the 2.3 million breast cancers (BC) diagnosed in 2020 were from Asia.
  • 871
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Rectal Cancer after Prostate Radiation
Radiation therapy is commonly used in the treatment of prostate cancer, but it is a carcinogen itself. Long-term survivors of prostate cancer who were treated with pelvic radiotherapy have been reported to be at increased risk for developing rectal cancer compared to those treated with surgery. The molecular features of radiation-associated rectal cancer have not been fully investigated, and survival is lower compared to non-irradiated rectal cancer patients. Ultimately, it is unclear whether the worse outcomes are related to differences in patient characteristics, treatment-related factors, or tumor biology. 
  • 871
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Low-Grade Gliomas
Low-Grade Gliomas (LGGs) represent a diverse group of brain tumors originating from glial cells, characterized by their unique histopathological and molecular features. Here offers a comprehensive exploration of LGGs, shedding light on their subtypes, histological and molecular aspects. By delving into the World Health Organization’s grading system, 5th edition, various specificities were added due to an in-depth understanding of emerging laboratory techniques, especially genomic analysis.
  • 871
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
SBRT-PATHY
Encouraging SBRT-PATHY-clinical outcomes, together with immunohistochemical and gene-expression analyses of surgically removed abscopal-tumor sites, suggested that delivery of the high-dose radiation to the partial (hypoxic) tumor volume, with optimal timing based on the homeostatic fluctuation of the immune response and sparing the peritumoral immune-environment, would significantly enhance the immune-mediated anti-tumor effects.
  • 870
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy and Colorectal Cancer
Liquid Biopsies (LB) and their different methods have aroused great interest due to their potential possibility to be both sensible and specific markers for the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of cancers. Nowadays, only the CellSearch platform is a validated method for the enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in metastatic breast, metastatic colon, and metastatic prostate cancers with the approval of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a useful prognostic method. The clinical implementation of LB is not yet widespread.
  • 870
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
The Urokinase Receptor in Targeted Cancer Therapy
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has now firmly established itself as a versatile molecular target holding promise for the treatment of aggressive malignancies. The copious abundance of uPAR in virtually all human cancerous tissues versus their healthy counterparts has fostered a gradual shift in the therapeutic landscape targeting this receptor from function inhibition to cytotoxic approaches to selectively eradicate the uPAR-expressing cells by delivering a targeted cytotoxic insult.  
  • 870
  • 29 Mar 2022
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