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Topic Review
Land Use for Critical Cemeteries in Central Ecuador
Cemeteries are sites for the final disposal of human bodies that constitute a source of contamination of soil and water as a result of the cadaveric decomposition generated. In addition, land use conflicts were encountered in the cemetery grounds. It is concluded that the existing cemeteries should be subjected to more detailed environmental analysis and subsequently should be treated as security landfills in the closure and post-closure stage. Also, it has been concluded that the cemeteries should not be located in urban or peri-urban areas.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Enzyme-Associated Pathogenesis Mechanisms of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. It increases the risk of other serious diseases and causes a huge impact on individuals, families, and socioeconomics. AD is a complex multifactorial disease, and current pharmacological therapies are largely based on the inhibition of enzymes involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
L-Arginine in Disturbed Carbohydrate Treatment
L-arginine, an endogenous amino acid, is a safe substance that can be found in food. The compound is involved in synthesis of various products responsible for regulatory functions in the body. Particularly noteworthy is, among others, nitric oxide, a signaling molecule regulating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The increasing experimental and clinical data indicate that L-arginine supplementation may be helpful in managing disturbed metabolism in obesity, regulate arterial blood pressure or alleviate type 2 diabetes symptoms, but the mechanisms underlying these effects have not been sufficiently elucidated.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Biography
Gjumrakch Aliev
Professor Aliev had many projects underway that he looked forward to completing to better serve the world and all of its people. The scientific community has lost a bright, multidisciplinary scientist who could connect people with similar research interests across borders and continents. Gjumrakch (Figure 1) was the internationally recognized founder of Gally International Research Institute (h
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Omega-3 PUFA in Pediatric Cancer
Epidemiological literature suggests a protective effect of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) against cancer. They are attributed to have significant anti-inflammatory properties, and are reported to directly inhibit carcinogenesis and tumor expansion, whilst also reducing the risk for secondary complications, thus representing a promising approach for adjunctive chemotherapy treatment. At the same time, the incidence of malnutrition amongst children with cancer is high and both under- and overnutrition are associated with detrimental consequences, including increased risks for morbidity and mortality, early relapse rates, and a higher prevalence of secondary complications during treatment. Taken together with the benefits of n-3 PUFA supplementation, an enhancement of the nutritional status is a potentially modifiable prognostic factor in pediatric oncology.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
DNA Methyltransferases
DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark that living beings have used in different environments. The MTases family catalyzes DNA methylation. This process is conserved from archaea to eukaryotes, from fertilization to every stage of development, and from the early stages of cancer to metastasis. The family of DNMTs has been classified into DNMT1, DNMT2, and DNMT3. Each DNMT has been duplicated or deleted, having consequences on DNMT structure and cellular function, resulting in a conserved evolutionary reaction of DNA methylation. DNMTs are conserved in the five kingdoms of life: bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. 
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Pancreatic Stellate Cells
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), is characterized by an overall poor prognosis and a five-year survival that is less than 10% due to late diagnosis, aggressive disease progression, and resistance to conventional chemotherapy. A large proportion of a pancreatic tumor is made up of stromal fibroblasts, the pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs, also known as cancer-associated fibroblasts – CAFs). Increasing evidence indicates that PSCs contribute to the overall tumor progression, drug resistance, and metabolic rewiring in PDAC.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Prophylaxis and Treatment Against Kp
Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is an opportunistic pathogen and the leading cause of healthcare-associated infections, mostly affecting subjects with compromised immune systems or suffering from concurrent bacterial infections. However, the dramatic increase in hypervirulent strains and the emergence of new multidrug-resistant clones resulted in Kp occurrence among previously healthy people and in increased morbidity and mortality, including neonatal sepsis and death across low- and middle-income countries. As a consequence, carbapenem-resistant and extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Kp have been prioritized as a critical anti-microbial resistance threat by the World Health Organization and this has renewed the interest of the scientific community in developing a vaccine as well as treatments alternative to the now ineffective antibiotics. Capsule polysaccharide is the most important virulence factor of Kp and plays major roles in the pathogenesis but its high variability (more than 100 different types have been reported) makes the identification of a universal treatment or prevention strategy very challenging. However, less variable virulence factors such as the O-Antigen, outer membrane proteins as fimbriae and siderophores might also be key players in the fight against Kp infections.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Impact of the Renin-Angiotensin System on Neurodegenerative Diseases
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) is an endocrine axis which has important peripheral physiological functions (blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis, water and sodium balance, and systemic vascular resistance). In addition to the systemic action of RAS, recent research highlights its paracrine and autocrine actions in many tissues, including the central nervous system. The complex is located intracellularly and is involved in various intracellular processes.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Endothelial Dysfunction
Any damage to the endothelial cells leads to the interruption of the barrier, an increased permeability, and an inflow of molecules that generate inflammatory response. Pulmonary endothelium is able to generate bioactive molecules and/or to use compounds present in the cell to reduce the effects of toxic stimuli and restore its conditions. If the damage is particularly extensive, the endothelium cannot tackle it and its permeability undergoes some alterations. The pulmonary endothelial barrier is completely destroyed in the case of chronic lung damages. A typical example of chronic inflammation of the alveolus-capillary unit is represented by virus infections.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
γ-aminobutyric Acid and Barley Seedlings
It has been revealed that high NaCl stress (>60 mmol L−1) induced phenolics accumulation in barley seedlings, with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) playing a key role. Interestingly, low NaCl stimulus (20 mmol L−1) enhancing phenolics synthesis and growth of barley seedlings was also reported recently. Hence, exogenous GABA and its bio-synthesis inhibitor 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP) were applied to reveal the mechanism of GABA regulating phenolics metabolism in barley seedlings treated with 20 mmol L−1 NaCl. The contents of total phenolics and flavonoids significantly increased by 11.64% and 14.52% under NaCl, respectively. The addition of GABA further increased phenolics and flavonoids contents, especially for gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, and quercetin, compared with NaCl treatment. Simultaneously, GABA increased the activities and mRNA levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), and 4-coumalyl CoA ligase (4CL). The addition of 3-MP suppressed the above effects, except for increasing the protein levels of PAL, C4H, and 4CL. Low concentration of NaCl not only promoted growth, but also stimulated endogenous GABA metabolism to affect key enzymes activities and mRNA levels for phenolics synthesis in barley seedlings.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The Annexin A2/S100A10 Complex
Mutualistic symbiosis refers to the symbiotic relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit from the association. S100A10, a member of the S100 family of Ca2+-binding proteins, exists as a tight dimer and binds two annexin A2 molecules. This association forms the annexin A2/S100A10 complex known as AIIt, and modifies the distinct functions of both proteins. Annexin A2 is a Ca2+-binding protein that binds F-actin, phospholipid, RNA, and specific polysaccharides such as heparin. 
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Methods of Increasing the Bioavailability of Polyphenols
Polyphenols, a class of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and lignans, are commonly found in plant-based diets with a variety of biological actions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Unfortunately, polyphenols are not widely used in nutraceuticals since many of the chemicals in polyphenols possess poor oral bioavailability. Thankfully, polyphenols can be encapsulated and transported using bio-based nanocarriers, thereby increasing their bioavailability. Polyphenols’ limited water solubility and low bioavailability are limiting factors for their practical usage, but this issue can be resolved if suitable delivery vehicles are developed for encapsulating and delivering polyphenolic compounds.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Biological Effects of Fluorescein Photochemistry
Fluorescein is a fluorescent organic dye used as tracer, contrasting agent or a diagnostic tool in various fields of medicine and natural sciences in general.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Biochemical and Physiological Application of Pterin Photochemistry
Pterins are low-molecular weight heterocyclic compounds widely distributed in living organisms, primarily as reduced coenzymes. Structurally, pterins are a conjugated system of pyrazine and pyrimidine rings, the so-called pteridine, which is accompanied by a carbonyl group (C=O) at the C4 position and an amino group (NH2) at the C2 position. The pteridine structure is also characteristic of folates (folic acid and its derivatives) and flavins, or benzopteridines, which are derivatives of isoalloxazine. Folates are usually called “conjugated pterins” since they possess a para-aminobenzoilglutamine residue, whereas pterins are called “unconjugated pterins”. In addition to pterin, folates include a para-aminobenzoic acid (p-ABA) residue and one to five glutamic acid (Glu) residues.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent form of malignancy and second only to lung cancer as cause of deaths in women. Notwithstanding many progresses made in the field, metastatic BC has a very poor prognosis. As therapies are becoming more personalized to meet the needs of patients, a better knowledge of the molecular biology leading to the disease unfolds the possibility to project more precise compounds or antibodies targeting definite alteration at the molecular level and functioning on such cancer-causing molecules expressed in cancer cells of patients, or present as antigens on the surface of cancer cell membranes. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) is one of such druggable targets, activated by its own ligands -namely the Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs). This pathway provides a vast range of interesting molecular targets pursued at different levels of clinical investigation.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Sphingolipids in Central Nervous System
Bioactive lipids are a newly defined class of lipids that are actively involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular events. As the name indicates, these molecular factors are subjected to action at the arrival of a specific stimulus and undergo subsequent transitions to cope up with the insult. Among these bioactive lipids, sphingolipids have emerged as distinctive mediators of various cellular processes, ranging from cell growth and proliferation to cellular apoptosis, executing immune responses to regulating inflammation. Recent studies have made it clear that sphingolipids, their metabolic intermediates (ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and N-acetyl sphingosine), and enzyme systems (cyclooxygenases, sphingosine kinases, and sphingomyelinase) harbor diverse yet interconnected signaling pathways in the central nervous system (CNS), orchestrate CNS physiological processes, and participate in a plethora of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Ischemic Stroke and Excitotoxicity
Stroke is a relevant cause of death, disability and dementia worldwide. In ischemic stroke, excitotoxicity is the main mechanism of neuronal death in the penumbra area, a potentially recoverable tissue surrounding the irreversibly damaged infarct core. In excitatory neurons, scaffold protein PSD-95 plays a central role in neuronal function but also survival/death choices. Thus, this protein is a promising target for development of neuroprotective strategies for stroke and other pathologies similarly associated to excitotoxicity.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Pyoverdine Biosynthesis
Pyoverdines (PVDs) are a class of siderophores produced mostly by members of the genus Pseudomonas. Their primary function is to accumulate, mobilize, and transport iron necessary for cell metabolism. Moreover, PVDs also play a crucial role in microbes’ survival by mediating biofilm formation and virulence. 
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A Protein
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a central DNA repair pathway responsible for removing a wide variety of DNA-distorting lesions from the genome. The highly choreographed cascade of core NER reactions requires more than 30 polypeptides. The xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) protein plays an essential role in the NER process. XPA interacts with almost all NER participants and organizes the correct NER repair complex. In the absence of XPA’s scaffolding function, no repair process occurs. Researchers briefly summarize the knowledge about the XPA protein structure and analyze the formation of contact with its protein partners during NER complex assembling.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Dec 2022
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