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Topic Review
Current Treatment Options of Metastatic Breast Cancer
breast cancer subtypes and classifications are well-characterized and personalized for each patient group. To this extent, given the distinct classification of breast cancer, the therapeutic decision and algorithms of metastatic disease is largely dependent on its molecular subclassification and on HR and HER-2 expression status.
  • 882
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a highly aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma confined to the central nervous system (CNS) and mainly affects elderly patients.
  • 881
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor in Taiwan
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a rare, highly aggressive embryonal brain tumor most commonly presenting in young children. Older age, supratentorial site, and treatment with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or both were significantly associated with better survival of patients with AT/RT in Taiwan. 
  • 881
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Chemistry and Radiochemistry of DOTAZOL
Bisphosphonates are therapeutic agents that have been used for almost five decades in the treatment of various bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, Paget disease and prevention of osseous complications in cancer patients. In nuclear medicine, simple bisphosphonates such as 99mTc-radiolabelled oxidronate and medronate remain first-line bone scintigraphic imaging agents for both oncology and non-oncology indications. In addition, bifunctional bisphosphonates such as DOTAZOL can be tagged with radiometals for theranostic applications.
  • 881
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
CNNs in lymph node metastasis
Deep learning models have potential to improve performance of automated computer-assisted diagnosis tools in digital histopathology and reduce subjectivity. The main objective of this study was to further improve diagnostic potential of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in detection of lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients by integrative augmentation of input images with multiple segmentation channels. For this retrospective study, we used the PatchCamelyon dataset, consisting of 327,680 histopathology images of lymph node sections from breast cancer. Images had labels for the presence or absence of metastatic tissue. In addition, we used four separate histopathology datasets with annotations for nucleus, mitosis, tubule, and epithelium to train four instances of U-net. Then our baseline model was trained with and without additional segmentation channels and their performances were compared. Integrated gradient was used to visualize model attribution. The model trained with concatenation/integration of original input plus four additional segmentation channels, which we refer to as ConcatNet, was superior (AUC 0.924) compared to baseline with or without augmentations (AUC 0.854; 0.884). Baseline model trained with one additional segmentation channel showed intermediate performance (AUC 0.870-0.895). ConcatNet had sensitivity of 82.0% and specificity of 87.8%, which was an improvement in performance over the baseline (sensitivity of 74.6%; specificity of 80.4%). Integrated gradients showed that models trained with additional segmentation channels had improved focus on particular areas of the image containing aberrant cells. Augmenting images with additional segmentation channels improved baseline model performance as well as its ability to focus on discrete areas of the image.
  • 880
  • 19 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Therapy Induced Senescence
Cellular senescence participates to fundamental processes like tissue remodeling in embryo development, wound healing and inhibition of preneoplastic cell growth. Most senescent cells display common hallmarks, among which the most characteristic is a permanent (or long lasting) arrest of cell division. However, upon senescence, different cell types acquire distinct phenotypes, which also depend on the specific inducing stimuli. Senescent cells are metabolically active and secrete a collection of growth factors, cytokines, proteases, and matrix-remodeling proteins collectively defined as senescence-associated secretory phenotype, SASP. Through SASP, senescent cells modify their microenvironment and engage in a dynamic dialog with neighbor cells. Senescence of neoplastic cells, at least temporarily, reduces tumor expansion, but SASP of senescent cancer cells as well as SASP of senescent stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment may promote the growth of more aggressive cancer subclones.
  • 880
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Radiobiology with Liquid Biopsies
Using liquid biopsy techniques including ctDNA analysis as tools to study radiobiology in patients with cancer.
  • 880
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta
There is compelling evidence that the nuclear receptor TRβ, a member of the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) family, is a tumor suppressor in thyroid, breast, and other solid tumors. Cell-based and animal studies reveal that the liganded TRβ induces apoptosis, reduces an aggressive phenotype, decreases stem cell populations, and slows tumor growth through modulation of a complex interplay of transcriptional networks. TRβ-driven tumor suppressive transcriptomic signatures include repression of known drivers of proliferation such as PI3K/Akt pathway, activation of novel signaling such as JAK1/STAT1, and metabolic reprogramming in both thyroid and breast cancers. The presence of TRβ is also correlated with a positive prognosis and response to therapeutics in BRCA+ and triple-negative breast cancers, respectively. Ligand activation of TRβ enhances sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. TRβ co-regulators and bromodomain-containing chromatin remodeling proteins are emergent therapeutic targets.
  • 880
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
DND1 in Cancers
The Dead-End (DND1) protein can interact with different messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in the cell. It uses multiple mechanisms to regulate expression of proteins from their cognate mRNAs. High levels of DND1 are found in the progenitor cells that develop into the egg and sperm. Defects in DND1 can cause tumors in the testes and ovaries of vertebrates. DND1 may also participate in human cancer development in cells other than those of the testesand ovaries.
  • 879
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Fruquintinib in Continuum of Care of Colorectal Cancer
The management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has the continuum of care as the treatment paradigm. To date, trifluridine/tipiracil, a biochemically modulated fluoropyrimidine, and regorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, remain the main options for the majority of patients who progressed to standard doublet- or triplet-based chemotherapies, although a tailored approach could be indicated in certain circumstances. Being highly selective for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, -2 and -3, fruquintinib demonstrated a strong anti-tumor activity in preclinical models and received approval from China’s National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) in 2018 for the treatment of patients with chemo-refractory mCRC. The approval was based on the results of the phase III FRESCO trial. Then, in order to overcome geographic differences in clinical practice, the FRESCO-2 trial was conducted in the US, Europe, Japan, and Australia. In a heavily pretreated patient population, the study met its primary endpoint, demonstrating an advantage of fruquintinib over a placebo in overall survival (OS).
  • 879
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Local Workup for Different Stages of Cervical Cancer
Constant technological development of modern imaging has led to substantial improvement in management and decision-making in the diagnostic and prognostic process of many different neoplasms. This also applies to cervical cancer. The main evidence, providing the base of recently updated ESGO-ESTRO-ESP recommendations (2023) on the management and treatment of cervical cancer, has been evaluated and reviewed. Ultrasound has been suggested as a valid alternative to MRI in primary diagnostic workup of cervical cancer if performed by an expert sonographer. Additionally, CT or PET/CT exhibits a substantial role in assessing the extrapelvic spread of the disease in locally advanced cases or when suspicious lymph nodes are detected. 
  • 879
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
3 Cycles of 177Lu-PSMA Therapy
The [177Lu]Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy (PSMA-RLT) has emerged as a successful treatment option in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). 
  • 878
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Early Gastric Cancer
The term early gastric cancer (EGC) and its definition as a carcinoma limited to the mucosa and/or submucosa, regardless of lymph-node status, was first proposed in 1971 and then included in the guidelines of the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. This definition has been criticized, especially with the rise in endoscopic treatment for early lesions. Many studies were conducted, focusing on parameters that can be associated with adverse prognosis, treatment failure, or lymph node metastases in ECG, without reaching a definitive consensus. The main problem originates from the lack of clear criteria distinguishing ECG with excellent prognosis (>98% 5-year survival) from ECG with higher incidence of lymph node metastases and worse prognosis (70% 5-year survival).
  • 878
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Bispecific Antibodies for IFN-β Delivery to ErbB2+ Tumors
The main aim of this work was to create a full-length bispecific antibody (BsAb) as a vehicle for the targeted delivery of interferon-beta (IFN-β) to ErbB2+ tumor cells in the form of non-covalent complex of BsAb and IFN-β. Such a construct is a CrossMab-type BsAb, consisting of an ErbB2-recognizing trastuzumab moiety, a part of chimeric antibody to IFN-β, and human IgG1 Fc domain carrying knob-into-hole amino acid substitutions necessary for the proper assembly of bispecific molecules. The IFN-β- recognizing arm of BsAb not only forms a complex with the cytokine but neutralizes its activity, thus providing a mechanism to avoid the side effects of the systemic action of IFN-β by blocking IFN-β Interaction with cell receptors in the process of cytokine delivery to tumor sites. Enzyme sandwich immunoassay confirmed the ability of BsAb to bind to human IFN-β comparable to that of the parental chimeric mAb.
  • 878
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Histone Deacetylases as Tumor Suppressors
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) deacetylate their targets, which leads to either the upregulation or downregulation of proteins involved in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis, ultimately influencing tumor growth, invasion, and drug resistance. 
  • 878
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Interplay of Lung Cancer, COVID-19, and Vaccines
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has negatively affected the treatment of malignant diseases and the development of new prodrugs worldwide. Patients with cancer are more susceptible to a higher risk of coronavirus infection and its severe complications than the general population. The lungs are the most strongly affected organs in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, within the lungs, as in other human organ tissues, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was proven to be the main host cell receptor for the binding of SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 expression is also elevated in tumor and tumor-adjacent normal tissues in patients with lung cancer, which might partially explain why patients with lung cancer are potentially at a higher risk of severe COVID-19. 
  • 878
  • 30 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Breast Cancer Dormancy in the Bone Marrow
Breast cancer cells travel via the bloodstream to the bone before the cancer is detectable in the breast. These disseminated cells are resistant to adjuvant chemotherapy and hormone therapy administered for the very purpose of eliminating them. They recur steadily for more than 20 years, resulting in incurable diseases. The bone marrow location, or niche, which normally provides a nest for blood-forming cells to enable them to generate blood for the entire lifetime of an individual, also protects these disseminated tumor cells and places them into a state of quiescence called dormancy. 
  • 878
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNA in Gastric Cancer Development
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common and difficult diseases to treat. The study of signaling pathway regulation by microRNA provides information on the mechanisms of GC development and is the basis for biomarker creation. In this study, a circuit of microRNA interactions with signaling pathways was constructed. In most cases, microRNAs in GC regulate the Wnt/b-catenin, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, RAS/RAF/ERK/MAPK, NF-kB, TGF-b, and JAK/STAT pathways. Part of the microRNA acts on several target genes that function in different pathways. This often leads to an intensification of the induced processes. MicroRNAs have also been described that have the opposite effect on different pathways, causing different functional consequences. By acting on several target genes, or genes associated with several pathways, microRNAs can function in a signaling network. The characteristics of microRNAs proposed as candidates for GC biomarkers were analyzed. The currently developed diagnostic and prognostic panels of microRNAs are also considered.
  • 878
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Radiotherapy Induced Immunogenic Cell Death
The immunogenic cell death (ICD) is defined as a regulated cell death able to induce an adaptive immunity. It depends on different parameters including sufficient antigenicity, adjuvanticity and favorable microenvironment conditions. Radiation therapy (RT), a pillar of modern cancer treatment, is being used in many tumor types in curative, (neo) adjuvant, as well as metastatic settings. The anti-tumor effects of RT have been traditionally attributed to the mitotic cell death resulting from the DNA damages triggered by the release of reactive oxygen species. Recent evidence sug-gests that RT may also exert its anti-tumor effect by recruiting tumor-specific immunity. RT is able to induce the release of tumor antigens, to act as an immune adjuvant and thus to synergize with the anti-tumor immunity. The advent of new efficient immunotherapeutic agents, such as im-mune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), in multiple tumor types sheds new light on the opportunity of combining RT and ICI.
  • 877
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Metabolic Biomarkers of Colorectal Cancer
Metabolic biomarkers of colorectal cancer (CRC) can be found in several matrices obtained from human body, such as breath, urine, feces, blood, intestinal gas, and tissue. Metabolic CRC biomarkers consist of small molecules, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which patterns (profiles) can be acquired by analytical techniques and be used to study the presence and progression of disease in the organism. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a technique that allows to analyze volatiles and other classes of compounds of different chemical groups. Molecular profiles may indicate very specific biochemical ongoing processes in a biological system. Comparisons of metabolic profiles and the processing of this data using statistical tools can potentially enacoloble to distinguish diseased subjects from healthy ones.
  • 876
  • 15 Feb 2021
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