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Topic Review
Japanese Badger
The Japanese Badger (Meles anakuma), native to Japan, is a fascinating and elusive mustelid species that holds a distinctive place in the country's diverse wildlife. Recognized for its unique physical characteristics and behavior, this badger species is a nocturnal and solitary creature with a keen sense of smell, contributing to its foraging prowess in a variety of habitats. The Japanese Badger's role in Japanese folklore and its interactions with the ecosystem make it a subject of interest for both researchers and enthusiasts exploring the rich fauna of Japan.
  • 1.9K
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Ball-Burnishing Process
Burnishing processes are effective methods to increase the durability and surface texture of industrial parts, through plastic deformation of its micropeaks. Traditional burnishing can be strongly improved with the assistance of external energy sources. One of these sources is vibration assistance, which can be delivered into the systems through different means. In overall, vibration-assistance ball burnishing consists on overlapping to the static burnishing preload an oscillatory force that favours the acoustoplastic effect in the material, that is, an increase in dislocation mobility that facilitates plastic deformation, while eventually delivering residual hardening on the target surface.
  • 1.9K
  • 11 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Australian Sea Lion
The Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea) is a charismatic pinniped species native to the coastal waters of southern Australia, particularly found along the southern and western coastlines. Renowned for its sleek and agile swimming abilities, this marine mammal is distinguishable by its pale yellow to cream-colored fur and a distinctively long, narrow muzzle. As a key predator in its marine ecosystem, the Australian Sea Lion plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and balance of coastal ecosystems, primarily feeding on fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans.
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Endophytic Bacterial in Rice Plant
Endophytic bacterial communities are beneficial communities for host plants that exist inside the surfaces of plant tissues, and their application improves plant growth. They benefit directly from the host plant by enhancing the nutrient amount of the plant’s intake and influencing the phytohormones, which are responsible for growth promotion and stress. Endophytic bacteria play an important role in plant-growth promotion (PGP) by regulating the indirect mechanism targeting pest and pathogens through hydrolytic enzymes, antibiotics, biocontrol potential, and nutrient restriction for pathogens. 
  • 1.9K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The Gene Elongation Mechanism
Gene elongation is a molecular mechanism consisting of an in-tandem duplication of a gene and divergence and fusion of the two copies, resulting in a gene constituted by two divergent paralogous modules. Several examples of genes with internal sequence repetitions are reported in literature; thus, gene elongation might have shaped the structures of many genes during the first steps of molecular and cellular evolution.  
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
ESports Research
eSports has been defined as sports competitions conducted with an electronic system and technological immersion in an organized and structured environment.
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Participatory Plant Breeding
Biodiversity in general, and agrobiodiversity in particular are crucial for adaptation to climate change, for resilience and for human health as related to dietary diversity. Plant breeding is a cyclic process during which breeders generate diversity, most commonly by making crosses; select, within the diversity generated during a varying number of years, which depends on the crop, the methodology and the type of variety to be produced; and eventually obtain as a final product a new variety, which in several countries must be distinct, uniform and stable for its seed to be legally commercialized. Participatory plant breeding (PPB) has been promoted for its advantages to increase selection efficiency, variety adoption and farmers’ empowerment, and for being more socially equitable and gender responsive than conventional plant breeding.
  • 1.9K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption for Economics
Balancing of different dimensions of development—economic, environmental, social, is an imperative of policies and strategies of sustainable growth, which are practiced today in the EU and globally. A 1% increase in the share of renewable (REC) and information and communication technology (ICT) in total exports leads to GDP p.c. growth in the long run by 0.151% and 0.168% in old EU countries, i.e., 0.067% and 0.039% in new EU countries, respectively. Contrary, an increase of non-renewable energy consumption (NREC) by 1% has a significant and negative impact on GDP p.c. in the long run, in both groups, leading to a decrease of economic growth by 0.512% in the old and 1.306% in the new EU group.
  • 1.9K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Propagation Graph
Propagation Graphs are a mathematical modelling method for radio propagation channels. A propagation graph is a signal flow graph in which vertices represent transmitters, receivers or scatterers, and edges models propagation conditions between vertices. Propagation graph models were initially developed in for multipath propagation in scenarios with multiple scattering, such as indoor radio propagation. It has later been applied in many other scenarios.
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
TLR4-Pathway-Associated Biomarkers in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a complex condition with high morbidity and mortality. Numerous different factors contributing to brain injury after SAH have been identified. Despite treatment of complications of early brain injury, such as rise of intracranial pressure, disturbance of the blood–brain barrier, cerebral edema, and decrease in cerebral perfusion, the outcome of many patients remains devastating. Neuroinflammation within the brain parenchyma with associated neuronal cell death has been described as a leading mechanism for additional secondary brain injury. It involves complex signaling cascades in which the upregulation of inflammatory genes is induced. Consequently, the release of different inflammatory cytokines and chemokines leads to self-reinforcement of the immune system with concomitant neuronal cell death, destroying the brain. The immune system within the central nervous system (CNS) fulfills a special role. It is privileged and differs in its standards from the peripheral immune response. 
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Rikhter R-23
The Rikhter R-23 is an aircraft autocannon developed for the Soviet Air Force starting in the late 1950s. It was designed to be as short as possible to avoid problems found on high-speed aircraft when the guns were pointed into the airstream. The R-23 was a gas operated revolver cannon that used gas bled from holes in the barrel to provide the motive force. Firing up to 2,600 rpm, the R-23 was the fastest firing single-barrel cannon ever introduced into service. The R-23 took some time to develop, and was not used operationally until 1964. It was used only in the tail turret of the Tu-22, and experimentally on the Salyut 3 space station. Its role was taken over by the twin-barrel Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23. A modified version of the weapon was the only cannon to have been fired in space.
  • 1.9K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Pancreas
The artificial pancreas is a technology in development to help people with diabetes, primarily type 1, automatically and continuously control their blood glucose level by providing the substitute endocrine functionality of a healthy pancreas. The endocrine functionality of the pancreas is provided by islet cells which produce the hormones insulin and glucagon. Artificial pancreatic technology mimics the secretion of these hormones into the bloodstream in response to the body's changing blood glucose levels. Maintaining balanced blood sugar levels is crucial to the function of the brain, liver, and kidneys. Therefore, for type 1 patients, it is necessary that the levels be kept balanced when the body cannot produce insulin itself. The artificial pancreas is a broad term for different bio-engineering strategies currently in development to achieve these requirements. Different bio-engineering approaches under consideration include:
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Compounds Microencapsulation to Enrich and Fortify Bread
Bread made from refined flour is poor in nutrients and the baking process leads to the reduction, or even the destruction, of some bioactive compounds. Thus, common bread cannot meet the growing consumers' nutritional and healthy needs. There have been attempts to improve the bread's nutritional characteristics, including the direct addition of bioactive compounds, but unpleasant flavour and taste, thermal instability and the high volatility of some bioactive compounds limited this application. Encapsulation allows for overcoming these drawbacks. Many researchers have applied encapsulation technology for the development of functional bread with encapsulated probiotics, enzymes, vitamins, polyphenols, and omega-3 fatty acids. However, the addition of the encapsulated bioactive compounds to the bread requires the evaluation of different aspects, such as the health benefits, technological, rheological, and sensory properties, and product shelf-life; in the case of probiotics, it is mandatory to perform an evaluation of the survival in the gastrointestinal tract. All of these aspects must be carefully assessed and balanced as they determine the functionality and boost consumer acceptance of the final products. The applications of encapsulation technology in the production of functional bread summarizing the heath benefit and the effect of microcapsule inclusion in technological and sensory bread characteristics were pointed out.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Gut Microbiota Intervention in the CNS
Cognitive, mood and sleep disorders are common and intractable disorders of the central nervous system, causing great inconvenience to the lives of those affected. The gut–brain axis plays a vital role in studying neurological disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases by acting as a channel for a bidirectional information exchange between the gut microbiota and the nervous system.
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Wearable Point-of-Care Devices
Personalized point-of-care testing (POCT) devices, such as wearable sensors, enable quick access to health monitoring without the use of complex instruments. Wearable sensors are gaining popularity owing to their ability to offer regular and continuous monitoring of physiological data by dynamic, non-invasive assessments of biomarkers in biofluids such as tear, sweat, interstitial fluid and saliva. 
  • 1.9K
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Corona Borealis
Corona Borealis, Latin for "Northern Crown," is a constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere, known for its distinctive semicircular shape resembling a crown. Its counterpart in the southern hemisphere, Corona Australis, shares a similar name and mythological association with crowns but lies on the opposite side of the celestial sphere. 
  • 1.9K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Mullite-Based Ceramics from Mining Waste
Mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) is an aluminosilicate characterized by excellent physical properties, which makes it an important ceramic material. In this way, ceramics based on mullite find applications in different technological fields as refractory material (metallurgy, glass, ceramics, etc.), matrix in composite materials for high temperature applications, substrate in multilayer packaging, protective coatings, components of turbine engines, windows transparent to infrared radiation, etc. However, mullite is scarce in nature so it has to be manufactured through different synthesis methods, such as sintering, melting-crystallization or through a sol-gel route. 
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Ionising Radiation Sensors
Ionising radiation affects electronic circuits as well as living beings and has been a major concern for various critical applications such as healthcare, mining, avionics, nuclear, high-energy physics, and space applications. Radiation sensors are essential tools to estimate, measure and characterise radiation related information to assess the system performance and subsequently look for corrective measures. 
  • 1.9K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Green Corrosion Inhibitors in RCC Corrosion
Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) is a versatile material that deteriorates over time due to corrosion when exposed to any surrounding aggressive environment. In order to avoid this ramification, many researchers have carried out different works to find the most feasible way to reduce corrosion. To tackle this at the initial stage itself, one such convenient method is through the application of inhibitors. These inhibitors have the most applications in their use as an admixture. 
  • 1.9K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sintering
Sintering or frittage is the process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by heat or pressure without melting it to the point of liquefaction. Sintering happens naturally in mineral deposits or as part of a manufacturing process used with metals, ceramics, plastics, and other materials. The atoms in the materials diffuse across the boundaries of the particles, fusing the particles together and creating one solid piece. Because the sintering temperature does not have to reach the melting point of the material, sintering is often chosen as the shaping process for materials with extremely high melting points such as tungsten and molybdenum. The study of sintering in metallurgy powder-related processes is known as powder metallurgy. An example of sintering can be observed when ice cubes in a glass of water adhere to each other, which is driven by the temperature difference between the water and the ice. Examples of pressure-driven sintering are the compacting of snowfall to a glacier, or the forming of a hard snowball by pressing loose snow together. The word "sinter" comes from the Middle High German sinter, a cognate of English "cinder".
  • 1.9K
  • 04 Nov 2022
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