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HandWiki. Sintering. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32962 (accessed on 25 September 2026).
HandWiki. Sintering. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32962. Accessed September 25, 2026.
HandWiki. "Sintering" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32962 (accessed September 25, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 04). Sintering. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32962
HandWiki. "Sintering." Encyclopedia. Web. 04 November, 2022.
Sintering
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Earth:Sintering

Sintering or frittage is the process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by heat or pressure without melting it to the point of liquefaction. Sintering happens naturally in mineral deposits or as part of a manufacturing process used with metals, ceramics, plastics, and other materials. The atoms in the materials diffuse across the boundaries of the particles, fusing the particles together and creating one solid piece. Because the sintering temperature does not have to reach the melting point of the material, sintering is often chosen as the shaping process for materials with extremely high melting points such as tungsten and molybdenum. The study of sintering in metallurgy powder-related processes is known as powder metallurgy. An example of sintering can be observed when ice cubes in a glass of water adhere to each other, which is driven by the temperature difference between the water and the ice. Examples of pressure-driven sintering are the compacting of snowfall to a glacier, or the forming of a hard snowball by pressing loose snow together. The word "sinter" comes from the Middle High German sinter, a cognate of English "cinder".

metallurgy molybdenum thumbclinker

References

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  2. "Porex Custom Plastics: Porous Plastics & Porous Polymers". http://www.porex.com. 
  3. Uhl, A.R. (2014). "Liquid-selenium-enhanced grain growth of nanoparticle precursor layers for CuInSe2 solar cell absorbers". Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. 23 (9): 1110–1119. doi:10.1002/pip.2529. https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/empa/islandora/object/empa%3A7088. 
  4. Orrù, Roberto; Licheri, Roberta; Locci, Antonio Mario; Cincotti, Alberto; Cao, Giacomo (2009). "Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports : Consolidation/synthesis of materials by electric current activated/assisted sintering". Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 63 (4–6): 127–287. doi:10.1016/j.mser.2008.09.003.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mser.2008.09.003
  5. Grasso, S; Sakka, Y; Maizza, G (2009). "Electric current activated/assisted sintering (ECAS): a review of patents 1906–2008". Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 10 (5): 053001. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/10/5/053001. PMID 27877308.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5090538
  6. Tuan, W.H.; Guo, J.K. (2004). Multi-phased ceramic materials: processing and potential. Springer. ISBN 3-540-40516-X. 
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  9. Palmer, R.E.; Wilde, G. (December 22, 2008). Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposite Materials. EBL Database: Elsevier Ltd.. ISBN 978-0-08-044965-4. 
  10. K. Sairam, J.K. Sonber, T.S.R.Ch. Murthy, A.K. Sahu, R.D. Bedse, J.K. Chakravartty (2016). "Pressureless sintering of chromium diboride using spark plasma sintering facility". International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 58: 165–171. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2016.05.002.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijrmhm.2016.05.002
  11. Fais, A. "Discharge sintering of hard metal cutting tools". International Powder Metallurgy Congress and Exhibition, Euro PM 2013
  12. Balagna, Cristina; Fais, Alessandro; Brunelli, Katya; Peruzzo, Luca; Horynová, Miroslava; Čelko, Ladislav; Spriano, Silvia (2016). "Electro-sinter-forged Ni–Ti alloy". Intermetallics 68: 31–41. doi:10.1016/j.intermet.2015.08.016.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intermet.2015.08.016
  13. Maca, Karel (2009). "Microstructure evolution during pressureless sintering of bulk oxide ceramics". Processing and Application of Ceramics 3 (1–2): 13–17. doi:10.2298/pac0902013m.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2298%2Fpac0902013m
  14. Maca, Karl; Simonikova, Sarka (2005). "Effect of sintering schedule on grain size of oxide ceramics". Journal of Materials Science 40 (21): 5581–5589. doi:10.1007/s10853-005-1332-1. Bibcode: 2005JMatS..40.5581M.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10853-005-1332-1
  15. Oghbaei, Morteza; Mirzaee, Omid (2010). "Microwave versus conventional sintering: A review of fundamentals, advantages and applications". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 494 (1–2): 175–189. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.01.068.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jallcom.2010.01.068
  16. Babaie, Elham; Ren, Yufu; Bhaduri, Sarit B. (23 March 2016). "Microwave sintering of fine grained MgP and Mg substitutes with amorphous tricalcium phosphate: Structural, and mechanical characterization". Journal of Materials Research 31 (8): 995–1003. doi:10.1557/jmr.2016.84. Bibcode: 2016JMatR..31..995B.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1557%2Fjmr.2016.84
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  22. Cahn, Robert W. and Haasen, Peter (1996). Physical Metallurgy (Fourth ed.). ISBN 978-0-444-89875-3. 
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  24. Sinter in thefreedictionary.com. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/sinter
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  27. Bartholomew, Calvin H (2001). "Mechanisms of catalyst deactivation". Applied Catalysis A: General 212 (1–2): 17–60. doi:10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00843-7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223902508. 
  28. Harris, P (1986). "The sintering of platinum particles in an alumina-supported catalyst: Further transmission electron microscopy studies". Journal of Catalysis 97 (2): 527–542. doi:10.1016/0021-9517(86)90024-2.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-9517%2886%2990024-2
  29. Figueiredo, J. L. (2012). Progress in Catalyst Deactivation: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Catalyst Deactivation, Algarve, Portugal, May 18–29, 1981. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 11. ISBN 978-94-009-7597-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=b-HzCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11. 
  30. Chorkendorff, I.; Niemantsverdriet, J. W. (6 March 2006). Concepts of Modern Catalysis and Kinetics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-3-527-60564-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=p34rVviEVWsC. 
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