Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
LRS for Surgical Breast Cancer
Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) is a highly specific biomolecular technique which has been shown to have the ability to distinguish malignant and normal breast tissue. This paper discusses significant advancements in the use of LRS in surgical breast cancer diagnosis, with an emphasis on statistical and machine learning strategies employed for precise, transparent and real-time analysis of Raman spectra. When combined with a variety of “machine learning” techniques LRS has been increasingly employed in oncogenic diagnostics. This paper proposes that the majority of these algorithms fail to provide the two most critical pieces of information required by the practicing surgeon: a probability that the classification of a tissue is correct, and, more importantly, the expected error in that probability. Stochastic backpropagation artificial neural networks inherently provide both pieces of information for each and every tissue site examined by LRS. If the networks are trained using both human experts and an unsupervised classification algorithm as gold standards, rapid progress can be made understanding what additional contextual data is needed to improve network classification performance. Our patients expect us to not simply have an opinion about their tumor, but to know how certain we are that we are correct. Stochastic networks can provide that information.
  • 910
  • 25 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Mycobacteria and Cancer
Although the therapeutic effect of mycobacteria as antitumor agents has been known for decades, recent epidemiological and experimental studies have revealed that mycobacterium-related chronic inflammation may be a possible mechanism of cancer pathogenesis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous Mycobacterium avium complex infections have been implicated as potentially contributing to the etiology of lung cancer, whereas Mycobacterium ulcerans has been correlated with skin carcinogenesis. The risk of tumor development with chronic mycobacterial infections is thought to be a result of many host effector mechanisms acting at different stages of oncogenesis.
  • 910
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Role of p53 and TAp73 in Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial pediatric tumor. Although children with low- and intermediate-risk neuroblastoma, which correspond to approximately half of all newly diagnosed cases, have a good event-free and overall survival, high-risk neuroblastoma can be extremely aggressive and hard-to-treat tumors. In neuroblastoma, p53 and TAp73 act as safeguards against malignant transformation, but they are commonly inhibited by negative regulators, such as MDMs, Itch, and Aurora kinase A.
  • 910
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetic Alterations in Salivary Gland Tumors
Salivary gland carcinomas (SGCs) are a diverse collection of malignant tumors with marked differences in biological activity, clinical presentation and microscopic appearance. Although the etiology is varied, secondary radiation, oncogenic viruses as well as chromosomal rearrangements have all been linked to the formation of SGCs. Epigenetic modifications are any heritable changes in gene expression that are not caused by changes in DNA sequence. It is widely accepted that epigenetics plays an important role in SGC development.
  • 910
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Biology of Circulating Tumor Cells
Tumor cells circulating in the bloodstream of cancer patients are thought to have the potential to reach and settle in new niches and develop metastasis. Thus, their presence, which shows tumor dissemination from the primary site to distant organs, might be an indicator of the disease progression.
  • 909
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Capmatinib in Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of death. Capmatinib is a Type Ib MET Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) first discovered in 2011 and was Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved in August 2022 for advanced NSCLC with MET exon 14 skipping mutation. Clinical trials now involve combination therapy with capmatinib, including amivantamab, trametinib, and immunotherapy. Furthermore, new drug agents, particularly antibody–drug conjugates, are being developed to help treat patients with acquired resistance from capmatinib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).
  • 909
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
ECM-related Genes in Colorectal Carcinoma
During bowel cancer screening programs, many diagnostically problematic polyps are removed. The greatest challenge is to distinguish between adenomas with epithelial misplacement and adenomas with early carcinoma, considering the diagnosis affects prognosis and treatment. Researcher’s aim was to analyze the expression of extracellular matrix related genes and proteins, namely DCN, EPHA4, FN1, SPARC, SPON2, and SPP1. Differences were observed in most of the analyzed genes and proteins in adenoma with epithelial misplacement in comparison to adenoma with early carcinoma, reflecting inflammatory stromal reaction to traumatisation and misplacement of dysplastic glands in the submucosa in the former, and desmoplastic stromal reaction to true invasion of dysplastic glands in the submucosa in the latter. 
  • 908
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Bone Metastases from Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third cause of cancer-related death worldwide; the prognosis is poor especially in the case of metastatic disease; bone metastases are rare. Their impact on prognosis is still under debate.
  • 908
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is among the most devastating digestive tract cancers worldwide. This cancer is characterized by poor diagnostic detection, lack of therapy, and difficulty in predicting tumorigenesis progression. In recent years, the attention of many researchers has been concentrated on the role of extracellular vesicles and of a particular subset of extracellular vesicles, known as exosomes. These nanovesicles are able to deliver their cargos to recipient cells playing key roles in the pathogenesis and progression of many pancreatic precancerous conditions. 
  • 908
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Xenoestrogens and Phytoestrogens in Cancers
According to Global Cancer Statistics 2020, the burden of cancer incidence and mortality is rapidly growing worldwide. The epidemiological features of cancer reflect both the aging and growth of the population and the changes in the prevalence and distribution of the main cancer risk factors, several of which are particularly associated with the environment. Exogenous estrogens, such as synthetic industrial estrogenic compounds (xenoestrogens) and estrogenic molecules from plants (phytoestrogens), are environmental factors that potentially cause various cancers through their interactions with cellular signaling processes involving estrogen signaling pathways.
  • 908
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Pancreatic Cancer
Although pancreatic cancer (PC) was considered in the past an orphan cancer type due to its low incidence, it may become in the future one of the leading causes of cancer death. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most frequent type of PC, being a highly aggressive malignancy and having a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%.
  • 908
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Epidemiology across Cancer Types in Microsatellite Instability
Microsatellite instability (MSI) occurs in a wide variety of tumor types and is one of the most important predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
  • 908
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
UM-EVs involved in tumor progression
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry molecules derived from donor cells and are able to alter the properties of recipient cells. They are important players during the genesis and progression of tumors. Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults and is associated with a high rate of metastasis, primarily to the liver. However, the mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. In the present study, we analyzed the oncogenic potential of UM-derived EVs and their protein signature. We isolated and characterized EVs from five UM cell lines and from normal choroidal melanocytes (NCMs). BRCA1-deficient fibroblasts (Fibro-BKO) were exposed to the EVs and analyzed for their growth in vitro and their reprograming potential in vivo following inoculation into NOD-SCID mice. Mass spectrometry of proteins from UM-EVs and NCM-EVs was performed to determine a protein signature that could elucidate potential key players in UM progression. In-depth analyses showed the presence of exosomal markers, and proteins involved in cell-cell and focal adhesion, endocytosis, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Notably, we observed high expression levels of HSP90, HSP70 and integrin V in UM-EVs. Our data bring new evidence on the involvement of UM-EVs in cancer progression and metastasis.
  • 907
  • 04 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Inhibitory Checkpoint Receptors
Inhibitory checkpoint receptors play a critical role in immune homeostasis. In health, the expression of checkpoint receptors is upregulated following the activation of antigen specific T-cells to temper the pro-inflammatory response. However, upon prolonged activation with a persisting antigen, such as chronic viral infections or in cancer, checkpoint expression is maintained, and effector T-cells enter a state of 'exhaustion'. Exhausted T-cells demonstrate a progressively reduced proliferative capacity and the loss of effector T-cell functions including the production of inflammatory cytokines and degranulation. Accordingly, there has been a rapid expansion in therapeutic targeting of these checkpoint receptors to reinvigorate the effector functions of exhausted T-cells.
  • 907
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
A Theranostic Approach in Selective Internal Radiation Therapy
Selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) is one of the treatment options for liver tumors. Microspheres labelled with a therapeutic radionuclide (90Y or 166Ho) are injected into the liver artery feeding the tumor(s), usually achieving a high tumor absorbed dose and a high tumor control rate. This treatment adopts a theranostic approach with a mandatory simulation phase, using a surrogate to radioactive microspheres (99mTc-macroaggregated albumin, MAA) or a scout dose of 166Ho microspheres, imaged by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT.
  • 907
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Features of Human Papillomavirus-Negative Adenocarcinoma
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women. It is the leading cause of female deaths in developing countries. Most of these cervical neoplasms are represented by squamous lesions. Cervical adenocarcinoma causes about a quarter of cervical cancers. In contrast to squamous lesions, cervical glandular disease is HPV-negative in about 15–20% of cases. HPV-negative cervical adenocarcinomas typically present in advanced stages at clinical evaluation, resulting in a poorer prognosis. 
  • 907
  • 08 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Delta Radiomics in Head and Neck Cancers
Delta (Δ) radiomics, a concept based on the variation of parameters extracted from medical imaging using artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, demonstrates its potential as a predictive biomarker of treatment response in head and neck cancers (HNC). The concept of image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), including computer tomography simulation (CT) and position control imaging with cone-beam-computed tomography (CBCT), now offers new perspectives for radiomics applied in radiotherapy. The use of Δ features of texture, shape, and size, both from the primary tumor and from the tumor-involved lymph nodes, demonstrates the best predictive accuracy. If, in the case of treatment response, promising Δ radiomics results could be obtained, even after 24 h from the start of treatment, for radiation-induced xerostomia, the evaluation of Δ radiomics in the middle of treatment could be recommended. 
  • 907
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Enzyme-Mediated Arginine Deprivation Agents for Cancer Therapy
Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid that supports protein synthesis to maintain cellular functions. Arginine also promotes wound healing, cell division, ammonia metabolism, immune system regulation, and hormone biosynthesis—all of which are critical for tumor growth. Several arginine deprivation strategies have been developed and entered clinical trials. The main principle behind these therapies is that arginine auxotrophic tumors rely on external arginine sources for growth because they carry reduced key arginine-synthesizing enzymes such as argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) in the intracellular arginine cycle. To obtain anticancer effects, modified arginine-degrading enzymes, such as PEGylated recombinant human arginase 1 (rhArg1-PEG) and arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG 20), have been developed and shown to be safe and effective in clinical trials. They have been tried as a monotherapy or in combination with other existing therapies.
  • 907
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Dissecting Microbiome-Derived SCFAs in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) continues to be the most diagnosed cancer and the second primary cause of fatalities in men globally. There is an abundance of scientific evidence suggesting that the human microbiome, together with its metabolites, plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis and has a significant impact on the efficacy of anticancer interventions in solid and hematological cancers.
  • 907
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
PyK2-Associated Molecules in Cancer
PyK2 is a member of the proline-rich tyrosine kinase and focal adhesion kinase families and is ubiquitously expressed. PyK2 is mainly activated by stimuli, such as activated Src kinases and intracellular acidic pH. The mechanism of PyK2 activation in cancer cells has been addressed extensively. The acidic milieu is a favorable condition in cancer systems. Various evidence has shown that the activation of PyK2 regulated cancer progression and migration. Thus,  the mechanism of molecular interaction in regulating PyK2 activity in cancer and PyK2-associated strategies against cancer was summarized.
  • 907
  • 14 Dec 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 129
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Academic Video Service
Feedback