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Topic Review
Nitrogenase
Nitrogenase defines the familty of enzymes that catalyze the reduction of N2 (molecular nitrogen) to NH3 (ammonia). It is the only enzyme family which can realize this process of nitrogen fization. 
  • 2.0K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Incorporation of Cellulose-Based Aerogels into Textile Structures
Given their exceptional attributes, aerogels are viewed as a material with immense potential. Being a natural polymer, cellulose offers the advantage of being both replenishable and capable of breaking down naturally. Cellulose-derived aerogels encompass the replenish ability, biocompatible nature, and ability to degrade naturally inherent in cellulose, along with additional benefits like minimal weight, extensive porosity, and expansive specific surface area.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Mighty Hercules
The Mighty Hercules is a Canadian/American animated television series based loosely on the Greek mythology character of Heracles, under his Roman name Hercules. It debuted on television in 1963. The show ran until 1966, coinciding with the sword-and-sandal genre of films popular between 1958 and 1965. Each stand-alone episode runs 5½ minutes, and in syndication was aired either as part of a block with other cartoons, or with several episodes airing consecutively to fill 30-minute time slots.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Microalloyed Niobium Steel
Thermomechanical processing of niobium microalloyed steel was performed with the purpose of determining the interaction between niobium precipitates and dislocations, as well as determining the influence of the temperature of final deformation on the degree of precipitation and dislocation density. Two variants of thermomechanical processing with di erent final rolling temperatures were carried out. Samples were studied using electrochemical isolation with an atomic absorption spectrometer, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray di raction analysis, and universal tensile testing with a thermographic camera. The results show that the increase in the density of dislocations before the onset of intense precipitation is insignificant because the recrystallization process takes place simultaneously. It increases with the onset of strain-induced precipitation. It is shown that niobium precipitates determine the density of dislocations. The appearance of Lüders bands was noticed as a consequence of the interaction between niobium precipitates and dislocations during the subsequent cold deformation. In both variants of the industrial process performed on the cold deformed strip, Lüders bands appeared.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Gas Turbine Power Generation Systems
This paper reviews the modeling techniques and control strategies applied to gas turbine power generation plants. Recent modeling philosophies are discussed and the state-of-the-art feasible strategies for control are shown. Research conducted in the field of modeling, simulation, and control of gas turbine power plants has led to notable advancements in gas turbines’ operation and energy efficiency. Tracking recent achievements and trends that have been made is essential for further development and future research. A comprehensive survey is presented here that covers the outdated attempts toward the up-to-date techniques with emphasis on different issues and turbines’ characteristics. Critical review of the various published methodologies is very useful in showing the importance of this research area in practical and technical terms. The different modeling approaches are classified and each category is individually investigated by reviewing a considerable number of research articles. Then, the main features of each category or approach is reported. The modern multi-variable control strategies that have been published for gas turbines are also reviewed. Moreover, future trends are proposed as recommendations for planned research.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Jul 2020
Topic Review
TNF-α Levels in Lean, Overweight and Obese Individuals
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic molecule involved in multiple physiological and pathological mechanisms and constitutes an important target in therapies against a diversity of immunologically related disorders. In the context of obesity, a broad range of human intervention dietary studies have investigated the changes on the blood levels of TNF-α in connection with body weight changes.
  • 2.0K
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Gene Disease Database
In bioinformatics, a Gene Disease Database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype-genotype relationships and gene-disease mechanisms. Gene Disease Databases integrate human gene-disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including Mendelian, complex and environmental diseases.
  • 2.0K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bio-Inspired Optimization Algorithms
The application of artificial intelligence in everyday life is becoming all-pervasive and unavoidable. Within that vast field, a special place belongs to biomimetic/bio-inspired algorithms for multiparameter optimization, which find their use in a large number of areas. Novel methods and advances are being published at an accelerated pace. 
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Wearable Technology in Sports
Wearable technology is increasingly vital for improving sports performance through real-time data analysis and tracking. Both professional and amateur athletes rely on wearable sensors to enhance training efficiency and competition outcomes.
  • 2.0K
  • 10 Oct 2025
Topic Review
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscle is composed of multinucleated, mature muscle cells (myofibers) responsible for contraction, and a resident pool of mononucleated muscle cell precursors (MCPs), that are maintained in a quiescent state in homeostatic conditions. Skeletal muscle is remarkable in its ability to adapt to mechanical constraints, a property referred as muscle plasticity and mediated by both MCPs and myofibers. This review summarizes recent insights into the mechanisms underlying nuclear force transmission in MCPs and myofibers. 
  • 2.0K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Quartz Crystal Microbalances' Electrode Shape and Mass Sensitivity
A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a typical acoustic transducer that undergoes a frequency shift due to changes in the mass of its surface. Its high sensitivity, robustness, small size design, and digital output have led to its widespread development for application in the fields of chemistry, physics, biology, medicine, and surface science. Mass sensitivity is one of the vital parameters and forms the basis for quantitative analysis using QCMs.
  • 2.0K
  • 13 Jul 2022
Biography
Joseph Larmor
Sir Joseph Larmor FRS FRSE DCL LLD[1] (11 July 1857 – 19 May 1942) was an Irish[2] physicist and mathematician who made innovations in the understanding of electricity, dynamics, thermodynamics, and the electron theory of matter. His most influential work was Aether and Matter, a theoretical physics book published in 1900. He was born in Magheragall in County Antrim the son of Hugh Larmor,
  • 2.0K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
High-Yield Production of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the Earth’s surface is a major societal concern, and therefore, there is a significant consumer demand for cosmetics formulated to mitigate the harmful effects of UV radiation. Synthetic sunscreens being formulated to block UV penetration include inorganic metal oxide particles and organic filters. Lately, organic UV-absorbing compounds are manufactured from non-renewable petrochemicals and, as a result, there is a need to develop a sustainable manufacturing process for efficient, high-level production of a naturally occurring group of UV-absorbing compounds, namely mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), for use as a sunscreen additive to skincare products.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Surface Defect Detection
Automated visual inspection (AVI) instrument targeting on surface quality emerges as a standard configuration for metal planar materials (e.g., steel, aluminum, copper plates and strips, etc.) to improve product quality and promote production efficiency. A general AVI instrument provides two main functions of defect detection and classification. The former detection process recognizes defective regions from normal background without identifying what types of defects they are. The latter process is dedicated to identify and label detected defects to support finishing product grading. The classification accuracy is directly determined by the precision of defect detection; thus, the overall performance of an AVI system is mainly limited by the accuracy, time efficiency, and robustness of various algorithms in the process of defect detection. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional surface defect detection technologies are used for defect detection. According to the algorithm properties, the existing two-dimensional methodologies are categorized into four groups: statistical, spectral, model, and machine learning-based methods. On the basis of three-dimensional data acquisition, the three-dimensional technologies are divided into stereoscopic vision, photometric stereo, laser scanner, and structured light measurement methods. 
  • 2.0K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Electrochemical Glucose Sensors Based on 2D Materials
Diabetes is a health disorder that necessitates constant blood glucose monitoring. The industry is always interested in creating novel glucose sensor devices because of the great demand for low-cost, quick, and precise means of monitoring blood glucose levels. Electrochemical glucose sensors, among others, have been developed and are now frequently used in clinical research. Nonetheless, despite the substantial obstacles, these electrochemical glucose sensors face numerous challenges. Because of their excellent stability, vast surface area, and low cost, various types of 2D materials have been employed to produce enzymatic and nonenzymatic glucose sensing applications. 
  • 2.0K
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Sky Angel
Sky Angel was a U.S. operator of Christian television networks; it operated three channels, Angel One, Angel Two, and KTV, all of which were exclusive to Dish Network. The company's corporate headquarters were located in Naples, Florida. The company also operated a Chattanooga, Tennessee location where programming, engineering and network operations resided. The company previously operated as a Christian-oriented television provider carrying religious and family-oriented programming, first as a satellite television service, and later as an over-the-top internet television provider. The shift to an IPTV platform was later accompanied by the spin-off of the provider's secular offerings into a second service known as FAVE TV. On January 14, 2014, Sky Angel ceased its IPTV business, citing that because it did not fall under the traditional legal definition of a multichannel video programming distributor, it was unable to employ legal remedies for its allegations that broadcasters were discriminating against its business model by preventing carriage of their channels.
  • 2.0K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ryu-Takayanagi Conjecture
The Ryu-Takayanagi conjecture is a conjecture within holography that posits a quantitative relationship between the entanglement entropy of a conformal field theory and the geometry of an associated Anti-de Sitter spacetime . The formula characterizes "holographic screens" in the bulk; that is, it specifies which regions of the bulk geometry are "responsible to particular information in the dual CFT". The conjecture is named after Shinsei Ryu and Tadashi Takayanagi, who jointly published the result in 2006. As a result, the authors were awarded the 2015 New Horizons in Physics Prize for "fundamental ideas about entropy in quantum field theory and quantum gravity". The formula was generalized to a covariant form in 2007.
  • 2.0K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Blackbird
Blackbird (formerly named FORscene) is an integrated internet video platform, video editing software, covering non-linear editing and publishing for broadcast, web and mobile. Designed by Blackbird plc to allow collaborative editing of video at resolutions of up to 540p and up to 60 frames per second on bandwidths as low as 2MBit/s, it is capable of video logging, reviewing, publishing and hosting through HD and 4K to UHD quality from original sources. The system is implemented as a mobile app for Android and iOS devices, a Java applet and a pure JavaScript web application as part of its user interface. The latter runs on platforms without application installation, codec installation, or machine configuration and has Web 2.0 features. Blackbird won the Royal Television Society's award for Technology in the post-production process in December 2005.
  • 2.0K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Insulin Receptor
The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane protein that is activated by ligands in insulin signaling pathways. The IR has been considered as a novel therapeutic target for clinical intervention, considering the overexpression of its protein and A-isoform in multiple cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. Meanwhile, it may also serve as a potential target in pest management due to its multiple physiological influences in insects.
  • 2.0K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetic Regulation of the β-Globin Genes
Beta-like globin gene expression is developmentally regulated during life by transcription factors, chromatin looping and epigenome modifications of the β-globin locus. Epigenome modifications, such as histone methylation/demethylation and acetylation/deacetylation and DNA methylation, are associated with up- or down-regulation of gene expression. The understanding of these mechanisms and their outcome in gene expression has paved the way to the development of new therapeutic strategies for treating various diseases, such as β-hemoglobinopathies.
  • 2.0K
  • 06 Mar 2023
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