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Topic Review
Focused Ultrasound for the Treatment of Brain Tumors
Focused ultrasound technology provides a method for overcoming the blood–brain and blood–tumor barriers through ultrasound frequency to transiently permeabilize or disrupt these barriers. Concomitant delivery of therapeutics has allowed for previously impermeable agents to reach the tumor microenvironment. 
  • 2.0K
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Phage Applications against Biofilms
Biofilms are clusters of bacteria that live in association with surfaces, attached to other bacterial cells and to the surface by an extracellular polymeric matrix. Biofilms are capable of adhering to a wide variety of surfaces, both biotic and abiotic, including human tissues, medical devices, and other materials, representing a major threat causing infectious diseases and economic losses. Unfortunately, current antibiotics and common disinfectants have shown limited ability to remove biofilms adequately. Here, phage-based treatments are proposed as promising alternatives for biofilm eradication, including phage therapy, phage-derived enzymes, genetically modified phages, and phages in combination with antibiotics.
  • 2.0K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibody-based Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is one of the most effective therapeutic options for cancer patients. Five specific classes of immunotherapies, which includes cell-based chimeric antigenic receptor T-cells, checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, antibody-based targeted therapies, and oncolytic viruses. Immunotherapies can improve survival rates among cancer patients. At the same time, however, they can cause inflammation and promote adverse cardiac immune modulation and cardiac failure among some cancer patients as late as five to ten years following immunotherapy.
  • 2.0K
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Ethanol Production in Brazil
Ethanol production in Brazil started in the early 1930s due to laws created by the Brazilian government. However, ethanol production only increased significantly with the National Program of Ethanol implementation in 1975. This program was another action taken by the Brazilian government aiming to provide conditions for the development of the ethanol industry in the country. With the program, it was possible to achieve significant progress; however, it finished in the mid-1980s. Ethanol is produced on a large scale by more than 300 sugarcane mills all over the country. In 2016, the Brazilian government provided another incentive for ethanol production by creating the RenovaBio Program, which aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Besides the environmental aspect, Brazil's ethanol industry needs to develop to supply the future biofuel demand. According to the forecast and considering technical, economic, and environmental aspects regards the Brazilian ethanol industry, the current and only feedstock used has an excellent chance not to achieve necessary. Thus, the ethanol produced from corn by some facilities in the country would be an attractive secondary feedstock to complement sugarcane ethanol, the primary feedstock. 
  • 2.0K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Electro-Thermal Modeling of Electric Motor Drive
Electro-thermal modeling is a process of creating a mathematical model to simulate the electrical and thermal behavior of an electric motor drive system. This modeling technique is used to predict the performance of the motor under different operating conditions and to optimize its design for efficiency and reliability. Electric motor drives are used in a wide range of applications, including industrial machinery, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. However, these systems can suffer from decreased efficiency and reliability due to the impact of temperature on their performance. Electro-thermal modeling is used to address these issues by accurately simulating the motor's behavior under different temperature conditions. The modeling process involves using software tools to create a mathematical model that includes the electrical and thermal properties of the motor. This model can then be used to simulate the motor's behavior under different loads and temperatures, allowing engineers to predict the motor's performance and optimize its design. One key advantage of electro-thermal modeling is that it allows engineers to identify potential issues in the motor's design and operation before they occur in the real world. By analyzing the motor's behavior under different conditions, engineers can identify areas where the motor is operating inefficiently or experiencing excessive temperatures. They can then modify the motor's design or operating conditions to improve its efficiency and reliability. Thus, electro-thermal modeling is an essential tool for designing and optimizing electric motor drive systems. By accurately simulating the motor's behavior under different conditions, engineers can create more efficient, reliable, and long-lasting motor systems that meet the needs of various applications.
  • 2.0K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Immunogenic Cell Death
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a type of death, which has the hallmarks of necroptosis and apoptosis, and is best characterized in malignant diseases.
  • 2.0K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Temperature Sensitive Optical Parameters
In the new age of illumination, light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been proven to be the most efficient alternative to conventional light sources. Yet, in comparison to other lighting systems, LEDs operate at low temperatures while junction temperature (Tj) is among the main factors dictating their lifespan, reliability, and performance. Tj may be indirectly measured using an LED’s inherent optical characteristics. The emission spectrum of a semiconductor device is influenced by temperature variations due to the temperature dependence of the energy band gap. This behavior motivates researchers to use spectral power distribution (SPD) characteristics such as the peak wavelength and spectral bandwidth of LEDs, which are known as temperature sensitive optical parameters (TSOPs), to estimate Tj. 
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Accelerating Methods on Gas Nitriding
Gas nitriding, as a surface modification technology to improve the wear resistance of workpiece surfaces, is widely used in wind turbine gears, pressure vessel gears, high-precision die casting abrasives, and other areas. However, the gas nitriding time is too long, reaching 40–60 h, which reduces the efficiency of nitriding and hinders the development of gas nitriding. Therefore, various accelerating methods are born accordingly. There are five common accelerating methods are summarized: process parameter optimization, surface mechanical nano-crystallization, surface-active catalysis, surface pre-oxidation, and surface laser treatment. 
  • 2.0K
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Alopecia
Hair loss (HL), also known as alopecia or baldness, is a common clinical disorder that affects millions of people worldwide and often causes a significant source of patient distress.
  • 2.0K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Nanonutraceuticals
Over the last few years, the application of nanotechnology to nutraceuticals has been rapidly growing due to its ability to enhance the bioavailability of the loaded active ingredients, resulting in improved therapeutic/nutraceutical outcomes. The focus of this work is nanoprebiotics and nanoprobiotics, terms which stand for the loading of a set of compounds (e.g., prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics) in nanoparticles that work as absorption enhancers in the gastrointestinal tract. In this manuscript, the main features of prebiotics and probiotics are highlighted, together with the discussion of emerging applications of nanotechnologies in their formulation. Current research strategies are also discussed, in particular the promising use of nanofibers for the delivery of probiotics. Synbiotic-based nanoparticles represent an innovative trend within this area of interest. As only few experimental studies on nanoprebiotics and nanoprobiotics are available in the scientific literature, research on this prominent field is needed, covering effectiveness, bioavailability, and safety aspects.
  • 2.0K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Diatoms
Diatoms have an ability that is unique among the unicellular photoautotrophic organisms to synthesize an intricately ornamented siliceous (biosilica) exoskeleton with an ordered, hierarchical, three-dimensional structure on a micro- to nanoscale. The unique morphological, structural, mechanical, transport, photonic, and optoelectronic properties of diatomaceous biosilica make it a desirable material for modern technologies. This review presents a summary and discussion of published research on the metabolic insertion of chemical elements with specific functional activity into diatom biosilica. Included in the review is research on innovation in methods of synthesis of a new generation of functional siliceous materials, where the synthesis process is “outsourced” to intelligent microorganisms, referred to here as microtechnologists, by providing them with appropriate conditions and reagents.
  • 2.0K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Botrytis Cnerea and Powdery Mildew
Synthetic controls of crop pathogens are increasingly associated with harm to the environment and human health, and pathogen resistance. Pesticide residues in crops can also act as non-tariff trade barriers. There is therefore a strong imperative to develop biologically based and natural product (NP) biofungicides as more sustainable alternatives for crop pathogen control. We demonstrate the field efficacy, over multiple seasons, of NP biofungicides, NP1 (based on anhydrous milk fat) and NP2 (based on soybean oil), on two major diseases of winegrapes—Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis) and powdery mildew (PM). The NPs were integrated into a season-long integrated disease management programme that has produced chemical-residue-free wines. Efficacies for Botrytis control on three different varieties were: 63–97% on Chardonnay, 0–96% for Sauvignon Blanc and 46–58% on Riesling; with 65–98% PM control on Chardonnay and Riesling. NP2 exhibited the significant control of Botrytis latent infections, making it a viable alternative to mid-season synthetic fungicides. Disease control was significantly better than the untreated control and usually as efficacious as the synthetic fungicide treatment(s). Yields and wine quality in NP-treated crops were normally equivalent to those in the synthetic fungicide treatments. The results indicate that NP-mediated disease control of Botrytis and powdery mildew can be obtained in the vineyard, without synthetic fungicide input.
  • 2.0K
  • 12 Mar 2021
Topic Review
3D Printing Technologies in Biosensors Production
Three-dimensional (3D) printing was born in 1986, with the publication of Chuck Hull’s patent, who invented stereolithography; it has evolved and differentiated, with the introduction of new printing techniques and numerous materials with different characteristics. 
  • 2.0K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Relevance of Crystal Forms in the Pharmaceutical Field
The existence of multiple crystal forms of an active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) is relevant not only for the selection of the best solid material to carry through the various stages of drug development, including the choice of dosage and of excipients suitable for drug development and marketing, but also in terms of intellectual property protection and/or extension. This is because the physico-chemical properties, such as solubility, dissolution rate, thermal stability, processability, etc., of the solid API may depend, sometimes dramatically, on the crystal form, with important implications on the drug’s ultimate efficacy.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries
Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a heterogeneous group of conditions that include both atherosclerotic (coronary plaque disruption) and non-atherosclerotic (spontaneous coronary artery dissection, coronary artery spasm, coronary artery embolism, coronary microvascular dysfunction, and supply–demand mismatch) causes resulting in myocardial damage that is not due to obstructive coronary artery disease. Failure to identify the underlying cause may result in inadequate and inappropriate therapy in these patients.
  • 2.0K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nike+
The Nike+iPod Sports Kit is an activity tracker device, developed by Nike, Inc., which measures and records the distance and pace of a walk or run. The Nike+iPod consists of a small transmitter device attached to or embedded in a shoe, which communicates with either the Nike+ Sportband, a receiver plugged into an iPod Nano. It can also work directly with a 2nd Generation iPod Touch (or higher), iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPhone 4S, iPhone 5, iPhone 5C, iPhone 5S, or a Nike+ Sportwatch. If using the iPod or the iPhone, iTunes software can be used to view the walk or run history. The Nike+iPod was announced on May 23, 2006. On September 7, 2010, Nike released the Nike+ Running App (originally called Nike+ GPS) on the App Store, which used a tracking engine powered by MotionX that does not require the separate shoe sensor or pedometer. This application works using the accelerometer and GPS of the iPhone and the accelerometer of the iPod Touch, which does not have a GPS chip. Nike+Running is compatible with the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus down to iPhone 3GS and iPod touch. On June 21, 2012, Nike released Nike+ Running App for Android. The current app is compatible with all Android phones running 4.0.3 and up.
  • 2.0K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Corrosion and Scaling in Geothermal Heat Exchangers
Geothermal power is an attractive and environmentally friendly energy source known for its reliability and efficiency. Unlike some renewables like solar and wind, geothermal energy is available consistently, making it valuable for mitigating climate change. Heat exchangers play a crucial role in geothermal power plants, particularly in binary cycle plants, where they represent a significant portion of capital costs. Protecting these components from deterioration is essential for improving plant profitability. Corrosion is a common issue due to direct contact with geothermal fluid, which can lead to heat exchanger failure.
  • 2.0K
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
South American Sea Lion
The South American Sea Lion (Otaria flavescens) is a charismatic marine mammal found along the coasts of South America, from Peru to southern Brazil, including the Falkland Islands and Uruguay. Known for its large size, robust build, and distinctive "mane" of coarse hair around the neck of adult males, this species is a top predator in its marine ecosystem. With a diverse diet consisting of fish, squid, and crustaceans, the South American Sea Lion plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems along the South American coastline.
  • 2.0K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by the hepatic deficiency of porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) and the slowdown of heme biosynthesis. AIP symptomatology includes life-threatening, acute neurovisceral or neuropsychiatric attacks manifesting in response to precipitating factors.
  • 2.0K
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Oral l-Carnitine Supplementation on Exercise Performance
l-Carnitine (l-C) and any of its forms (glycine-propionyl l-Carnitine (GPL-C) or l-Carnitine l-tartrate (l-CLT)) has been frequently recommended as a supplement to improve sports performance due to, among others, its role in fat metabolism and in maintaining the mitochondrial acetyl-CoA/CoA ratio. 
  • 2.0K
  • 15 Dec 2021
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