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Topic Review
Muscarinic Receptors Associated with Cancer
Cancer has been considered the pathology of the century and factors such as the environment may play an important etiological role. The ability of muscarinic agonists to stimulate growth and muscarinic receptor antagonists to inhibit tumor growth has been demonstrated for breast, melanoma, lung, gastric, colon, pancreatic, ovarian, prostate, and brain cancer. 
  • 880
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Relationship between Glycocalyx and Tumor Microenvironment
The glycocalyx is a fluffy sugar coat covering the surface of all mammalian cells. While glycocalyx at endothelial cells is a barrier to tumor cell adhesion and transmigration, glycocalyx at tumor cells promotes tumor metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by the tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells are the components of tumor microenvironment. They can modify glycocalyx of endothelial and tumor cells, as well as tumor vasculature, extracellular matrix (ECM) and fibroblasts. On the other hand, glycocalyx at both cells mediates the secretion and uptake of EVs that affect tumor microenvironment.
  • 880
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Deltex Proteins Structural and Functional Features
Deltex (DTX) proteins have been considered putative E3 ligases, based on the presence of an E3 RING domain in their protein coding sequence. The human DTX family includes DTX1, DTX2, DTX3, DTX3L and DTX4. Despite the fact that people's knowledge of this class of E3-ubiquitin ligases is still at an early stage, the understanding of their role in oncogenesis is beginning to unfold.
  • 880
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Nanomaterials Acting on Natural Killer Cells
Tumor immunotherapy, which includes immune target inhibition and chimeric antigen receptor cell treatment, is currently evolving quickly. Among them, natural killer (NK) cells are gradually becoming another preferred cell immunotherapy after T cell immunotherapy due to their unique killing effects in innate and adaptive immunity. NK cell therapy has shown encouraging outcomes in clinical studies; however, there are still some problems, including limited efficacy in solid tumors, inadequate NK cell penetration, and expensive treatment expenses. Noteworthy benefits of nanomaterials include their chemical specificity, biocompatibility, and ease of manufacturing; these make them promising instruments for enhancing NK cell anti-tumor immune responses. Nanomaterials can promote NK cell homing and infiltration, participate in NK cell modification and non-invasive cell tracking and imaging modes, and greatly increase the effectiveness of NK cell immunotherapy. 
  • 880
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Germ Cell Derivation from PSCs
Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have developed considerably in recent years; however, they cannot rectify germ cell aplasia, such as non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) and oocyte maturation failure syndrome. In vitro gametogenesis is a promising technology to overcome infertility, particularly germ cell aplasia. Early germ cells, such as primordial germ cells, can be relatively easily derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs); however, further progression to post-meiotic germ cells usually requires a gonadal niche and signals from gonadal somatic cells.
  • 878
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) proteome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) pathology, subclassification, and patient screening is unexplored. Here, we used an in vitro model of Germinal center B-cell like (GCB - good prognosis) and activated B-cell (ABC - poor prognosis) subtypes to propose potential drug targets and biomarkers. 
  • 878
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The Role of GRP78 in Cancer Stemness
Cancer stemness is proposed to be the main cause of metastasis and tumor relapse after conventional therapy due to the main properties of cancer stem cells. These include unlimited self-renewal, the low percentage in a cell population, asymmetric/symmetric cell division, and the hypothetical different nature for absorbing external substances. As the mechanism of how cancer stemness is maintained remains unknown, further investigation into the basic features of cancer stemness is required. Many articles demonstrated that glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) plays a key role in cancer stemness, suggesting that this molecule is feasible for targeting cancer stem cells.
  • 878
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Palmitoylation in Aging and Diseases with Cognitive Decline
Protein lipidation is a common post-translational modification of proteins that plays an important role in human physiology and pathology. One form of protein lipidation, S-palmitoylation, involves the addition of a 16-carbon fatty acid (palmitate) onto proteins. This reversible modification may affect the regulation of protein trafficking and stability in membranes. From multiple experimental studies, a picture emerges whereby protein S-palmitoylation is a ubiquitous yet discrete molecular switch enabling the expansion of protein functions and subcellular localization in minutes to hours. Neural tissue is particularly rich in proteins that are regulated by S-palmitoylation.
  • 877
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Regulatory T Cells in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in maintaining immune balance and regulating the loss of self-tolerance mechanisms in various autoimmune diseases, including primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS). With the development of pSS primarily in the exocrine glands, lymphocytic infiltration occurs in the early stages, mainly due to activated CD4+ T cells.
  • 877
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 effect in Stem cells
The new strain of coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) emerged in 2019 and hence is often referred to as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This disease causes hypoxic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syn-drome (ARDS), and is considered as the cause of a global pandemic. Very limited reports in addi-tion to ex vivo model systems are available to understand the mechanism of action of this virus, which can be used for testing of any drug efficacy against virus infectivity. COVID-19 induces tissue stem cell loss, resulting inhibition of epithelial repair followed by inflammatory fibrotic con-sequences. Development of clinically relevant models is important to examine the impact of the COVID-19 virus in tissue stem cells among different organs.
  • 876
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Interleukin-1β and Type I Interferons
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and type I interferons (IFNs) are major cytokines involved in autoinflammatory/autoimmune diseases. Separately, the overproduction of each of these cytokines is well described and constitutes the hallmark of inflammasomopathies and interferonopathies, respectively. While their interaction and the crosstalk between their downstream signaling pathways has been mostly investigated in the frame of infectious diseases, little information on their interconnection is still available in the context of autoinflammation promoted by sterile triggers.
  • 876
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Cytoskeleton as a Potential Therapeutic Target against Glioblastoma
Glioblastomas are considered the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, with an average of 15 months’ survival rate. The treatment is surgery resection, followed by chemotherapy with temozolomide, and/or radiotherapy. Glioblastoma must have wild-type IDH gene and some characteristics, such as TERT promoter mutation, EGFR gene amplification, microvascular proliferation, among others. Glioblastomas have great heterogeneity at cellular and molecular levels, presenting distinct phenotypes and diversified molecular signatures in each tumor mass, making it difficult to define a specific therapeutic target. It is believed that the main responsibility for the emerge of these distinct patterns lies in subcellular populations of tumor stem cells, capable of tumor initiation and asymmetric division. 
  • 876
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
TP53 and Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are the most common solid malignancies in young men. Despite the high frequency of these cancers within this defined age group, the discovery of the exceptional sensitivity of these tumors to the platinum DNA crosslinking compound cisplatin has led to the survival of most patients, with the current five-year survival rate exceeding 95%.
  • 876
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Hyperprogressive Disease
Hyperprogressive disease (HPD) is an adverse outcome of immunotherapy consisting in an acceleration of tumor growth, often accompanied by prompt clinical deterioration.
  • 875
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Efficient Mucosal Repair Limits Morbidity from Colic
Colic is a leading cause of death in horses, with the most fatal form being strangulating obstruction which directly damages the intestinal barrier. Following surgical intervention, it is imperative that the intestinal barrier rapidly repairs to prevent translocation of gut bacteria and their products and ensure survival of the patient. Age-related disparities in survival have been noted in many species, including horses, humans, and pigs, with younger patients suffering poorer clinical outcomes. Maintenance and repair of the intestinal barrier is regulated by a complex mucosal microenvironment, of which the ENS, and particularly a developing network of subepithelial enteric glial cells, may be of particular importance in neonates with colic. Postnatal development of an immature enteric glial cell network is thought to be driven by the microbial colonization of the gut and therefore modulated by diet-influenced changes in bacterial populations early in life.
  • 875
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in Cancer Signaling
The process of LLPS(liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is favored by multivalent interactions between specific protein domains, intrinsically disordered regions in proteins (IDR) and nucleic acids.
  • 875
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
GH/IGF Axis
The GH/IGF axis is a major regulator of bone formation and resorption and is essential to the achievement of normal skeleton growth and homeostasis.
  • 874
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
S100P-Induced Cell Migration and Metastasis
The presence of S100P protein in cancer cells is strongly associated with reduced survival times of patients suffering from a number of cancers. It has been shown previously that S100P is a potent inducer of metastasis in a model system and it is likely that this metastasis-inducing ability underlies its association with reduced patient survival. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in S100P-driven metastasis are only now beginning to be elucidated and the evidence points to S100P enhancing cell migration and cell invasion.  It is now shown that in the same cell system S100P enhances cell migration by two separate mechanisms. One pathway being intracellular, involves changes in the numbers of focal adhesions.  The second pathway occurs at the cell membrane and does not involve changes in the number of focal adhesions, but involves extracellular/membrane bound S100P and is inhibited by specific inhibitors of plasmin. Importantly, mutation of the C-terminal amino acid of S100P, not only abolishes both pathways, but also markedly reduces the metastasis-inducing ability of S100P, thus identifying a possible target for the reduction of S100P-induced metastasis.
  • 874
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Phytochemicals Modulate lncRNAs and Carbonic Anhydrases in Cancer
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are classified as a group of transcripts that regulate various biological processes, such as RNA processing, epigenetic control, and signaling pathways. According to recent studies, lncRNAs are dysregulated in cancer and play an important role in cancer incidence and spreading. There is also an association between lncRNAs and the overexpression of some tumor-associated proteins, including carbonic anhydrases II, IX, and XII (CA II, CA IX, and CA XII). Therefore, not only CA inhibition but also lncRNA modulation, could represent an attractive strategy for cancer prevention and therapy. Experimental studies have suggested that herbal compounds regulate the expression of many lncRNAs involved in cancer, such as HOTAIR (HOX transcript antisense RNA), H19, MALAT1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1), PCGEM1 (Prostate cancer gene expression marker 1), PVT1, etc. These plant-derived drugs or phytochemicals include resveratrol, curcumin, genistein, quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-galate, camptothecin, and 3,3'-diindolylmethane. More comprehensive information about lncRNA modulation via phytochemicals would be helpful for the administration of new herbal derivatives in cancer therapy.
  • 873
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Intratumoral Heterogeneity and Concept of Cancer Stem Cells
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) present in many tumors are an example of intratumoral heterogeneity of great importance. The original concept of CSCs emerged on the basis of the stem cell theory in its original form and on the reports about the exclusive ability of tumor cells expressing stem cell markers to induce tumor growth.The modern concept of CSCs has been updated by introducing the concept of the cells-of-origin of tumors and according to data obtained by genetic analysis combined with CSC-associated marker profiling and lineage tracing analysis.
  • 873
  • 01 Dec 2022
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