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Topic Review
Selection of Stationary Phases in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
The greatest challenge in the analysis of herbal components lies in their variety and complexity. Various emerging analytical techniques have offered significant support for complicated component analysis, with breakthroughs in selectivity, sensitivity, and rapid analysis. Among these techniques, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has attracted much attention because of its high column efficiency and environmental protection. SFC can be used to analyze a wide range of compounds, including non-polar and polar compounds, making it a prominent analytical platform. 
  • 2.1K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Climate Change and Ecosystems
Climate change has adversely affected both terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and is expected to further affect many ecosystems, including tundra, mangroves, coral reefs, and caves. Increasing global temperature, more frequent occurrence of extreme weather, and rising sea level are among some of the effects of climate change that will have the most significant impact. Some of the possible consequences of these effects include species decline and extinction, behavior change within ecosystems, increased prevalence of invasive species, a shift from forests being carbon sinks to carbon sources, ocean acidification, disruption of the water cycle, and increased occurrence of natural disasters, among others.
  • 2.1K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Longevity Blue Zones
Longevity is rightly considered one of the greatest achievements of modern society, not only as a function of lifespan, but, more importantly, as a function of healthspan. There are Longevity Blue Zones (LBZs), regions around the world, such as in Okinawa, Japan; the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica; Loma Linda, California; Icaria, Greece; and Ogliastra, Sardinia, that are characterized by a significant percentage of residents who live exceptionally long lives, often avoiding age-related disability to a significantly higher degree than in the Western way of life. Longevity is not a universal phenomenon, so if there are places in the world with characteristics similar to the LBZs, it is important to identify them in order to better understand what other factors, in addition to the known ones, might contribute to a long and healthy life. 
  • 2.1K
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Solar Water Heating Systems
Solar water heating system (SWHS) is known as a common application of solar energy where the received radiation is changed into heat and then transferred into a circulated medium, mostly water and air. By this means, electric water heaters are substituted by SWHS to support space heating and domestic hot water (DHW).
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Secondary Shelf Life of Pesto
The secondary shelf life (SSL) is defined as the time after package opening during which the food product retains a required level of quality. The SSL, indicated in labels as “best if used within x days after opening”, could lead to domestic food waste if not correctly evaluated. This work aimed to estimate the SSL of two brands of industrial shelf-stable pesto products. The SSL reported on the labels of both pesto brands was 5 days from opening, under refrigerated storage. However, such indication does not have any scientific support and may even mislead consumers, thus contributing to turn foods that are still perfectly suitable for consumption, into waste. The assessment of the SSL was performed by simulating two levels of domestic use and storage in five different house environments and through monitoring microbiological, sensory, and chemical quality descriptors.
  • 2.1K
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Taekwondo Training and Obesity
Taekwondo training is an effective exercise that can prevent or positively improve obesity. In addition, Taekwondo has value as a lifestyle sport that can contribute to the promotion of human health, not just bounded in the field of martial arts and sports.
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Life Cycle Assessment of Embodied Carbon in Buildings
The environment demands a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as building and construction are responsible for more than 40% of the energy consumed worldwide and 30% of the world’s GHG emissions. Many countries have aligned themselves with the Paris agreement, following its target of achieving net zero carbon emissions, although some governments are focused on the operational energy efficiency part of the equation instead of the whole equation. Building embodied carbon assessments can be compared to the more widely used and standardized life cycle assessment approach in terms of methodology (LCA), which focuses on quantifying carbon emissions throughout a building’s life cycle.
  • 2.1K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Hydrogen is a Key Player in Rumen Fermentation
Climate change and the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from agriculture has resulted in significant pressure on the livestock industry for advanced practices that are environmentally more sustainable. Livestock is responsible for more than 15% of anthropogenic methane (CH4) emission via enteric fermentation and improved strategies for mitigating enteric CH4 production therefore represents a promising target to reduce the overall GHG contribution from agriculture. Ruminal CH4 is produced by methanogenic archaea, combining carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2). Removal of H2 is essential, as its accumulation inhibits many biological functions that are essential for maintaining a healthy rumen ecosystem. 
  • 2.1K
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Post-canine Megadontia
Post-canine megadontia is a relative enlargement of the molars and premolars compared to the size of the incisors and canines. This phenomenon is seen in some early hominid ancestors such as Paranthropus aethiopicus.
  • 2.1K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fungi-Derived β-Glucan on Tumor Progression
β-Glucans have been studied in animal species, from earthworms to humans. They form a heterogenous group of glucose polymers found in fungi, plants, bacteria, and seaweed. β-Glucans have slowly emerged as an important target for the recognition of pathogens. 
  • 2.1K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review Video
Waste Plastic Pyrolytic Catalysis
With the increase in demand for plastic use, waste plastic (WP) management remains a challenge in the contemporary world due to the lack of sustainable efforts to tackle it. The increment in WPs is proportional to man’s demand and use of plastics, and these come along with environmental challenges. This increase in WPs, and the resulting environmental consequences are mainly due to the characteristic biodegradation properties of plastics. Landfilling, pollution, groundwater contamination, incineration, and blockage of drainages are common environmental challenges associated with WPs. The bulk of these WPs constitutes polyethene (PE), polyethene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS). Pyrolysis is an eco-friendly thermo-chemical waste plastic treatment solution for valuable product recovery, preferred over landfilling and incineration solutions.
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Structural Assessment Techniques for In-Service Crossarms
Crossarms are widely used in power distribution and telecommunication sectors to support overhead cables. These structures are horizontally attached to the top of vertically erected utility poles and are essential elements in connecting overhead cables to the poles. Timber is the dominantly used material type for crossarms in the existing distribution networks. Timber is selected for crossarms over the alternative materials (e.g., steel, composites, and concrete) due a number of relative advantages, of which higher strength-to-weight ratio, long service life, excellent insulation properties, economical, and renewable aspects are the main factors.
  • 2.1K
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Ayat Al-Akhras
Ayat al-Akhras (February 20, 1985 – March 29, 2002) was the third and youngest Palestinian female suicide bomber who, at age 18 (some sources report her age to be as young as 16), killed herself and two Israeli civilians on March 29, 2002 by detonating explosives belted to her body. The killings gained widespread international attention due to Ayat's age and gender and the fact that one of the victims was also a teenage girl. The killings led U.S. President George W. Bush to observe: “When an 18-year-old Palestinian girl is induced to blow herself up and in the process kills a 17-year-old Israeli girl, the future itself is dying; the future of the Palestinian people and the future of the Israeli people.”
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nontransitive Dice
A set of dice is nontransitive if it contains three dice, A, B, and C, with the property that A rolls higher than B more than half the time, and B rolls higher than C more than half the time, but it is not true that A rolls higher than C more than half the time. In other words, a set of dice is nontransitive if the binary relation – X rolls a higher number than Y more than half the time – on its elements is not transitive. It is possible to find sets of dice with the even stronger property that, for each die in the set, there is another die that rolls a higher number than it more than half the time. Using such a set of dice, one can invent games which are biased in ways that people unused to nontransitive dice might not expect (see Example).
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
XMEN
X-linked immunodeficiency with magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and neoplasia (typically known by the acronym XMEN) is a disorder that affects the immune system in males. 
  • 2.1K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Space as Sociocultural Construct
Space as sociocultural construct means that the regional and sociocultural forces shapes and differs the space ordering in settlements and explains the potential projection mechanism. Space-embodied social purposes are easier to be comprehended than analyzed, but with the help of the calculation and stimulation by the software based on space syntax theory, clarifying the tacit sociocultural meanings embedded in the spatial configuration was possible. traditional residence; spatial form; space syntax; genotype; sociocultural factor
  • 2.1K
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Yucca Saponins. Bioactivity and analytical methods
Yucca is one of the main sources of steroidal saponins, hence different extracts are commercialized for use as surfactant additives by beverage, animal feed, cosmetics or agricultural products. For a deeper understanding of the potential of the saponins that can be found in this genus, an exhaustive review of the structural characteristics, bioactivities and analytical methods that can be used with these compounds has been carried out, since there are no recent reviews on the matter. Thus, a total of 108 saponins from eight species of the genus Yucca have been described.
  • 2.1K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Stoner–Wohlfarth Model
The Stoner–Wohlfarth model is a widely used model for the magnetization of single-domain ferromagnets. It is a simple example of magnetic hysteresis and is useful for modeling small magnetic particles in magnetic storage, biomagnetism, rock magnetism and paleomagnetism.
  • 2.1K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Main Factors Affect the Flavor of Sauce-Aroma Baijiu
Sauce-aroma Baijiu is a distilled Baijiu well-known in China, and features a unique sauce-aroma style formed by a complex producing process in a specific geographical environment. The production of Sauce-aroma Baijiu mainly depends on microbial interactions and metabolisms in a complex brewing process, in which raw materials, geographical environment, and brewing and storage technology are the main factors affecting the flavor formation, and research on these factors will help to improve the quality of Sauce-aroma Baijiu. Sorghum is the main brewing raw material for the production of Sauce-aroma Baijiu, the starch, protein, fat, and tannin in which provide the energy source and the material basis for microbial fermentation and metabolism. The structural and content differences of these components influence both the yield and the quality of Sauce-aroma Baijiu. The main factor contributing to different Baijiu manufacturers forming their own unique styles is the geographical environment, which makes it also a prerequisite for stabilizing the production quality of sorghum grains to ensure a stable planting area. The influence of storage on Baijiu quality not only is affected by the storage time, but is also subject to factors such as the storage container, storage environment, Baijiu quality, cost input, Baijiu warehouse management, etc.
  • 2.1K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Resilience of Urban-Rural Systems
The urban-rural systems were defined as a complex dynamic social-ecological system based on resilience thinking and transition theory. The notions of adaptation and transformation were applied to compose a framework to coordinate “resilience” with “sustainability”. Resilience thinking may contribute a system approach to the study by acknowledging URSs as complex dynamic social-ecological systems (SESs) with human-nature dynamics evolving cross multiple scales over time. Resilience depicts the capacity of complex URSs to absorb disturbance, adapt to changing conditions and withstand within the current regime, and cross the threshold into new development trajectories and fundamentally improved state in response to unforeseeable crises and enforced interventions. Linking it to transition theory (pp. 111–114) may help understand how the URSs evolution of technical, economic, social-cultural, and ecological dynamics bring about change towards sustainable development.
  • 2.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
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