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Taekwondo training is an effective exercise that can prevent or positively improve obesity. In addition, Taekwondo has value as a lifestyle sport that can contribute to the promotion of human health, not just bounded in the field of martial arts and sports.
Insufficient physical activity was reported as the fourth most important risk factor among the causes of death worldwide [1]. For this reason, Korea has set physical activity goals for all age groups through the 3rd National Health Promotion Plan (HP2020) and is creating various policies and environments to promote physical activity [2]. According to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report in 2019, the rate of aerobic exercise among adolescents increased by 3.0% p from 10.9% in 2009 to 13.9% in 2018. On the other hand, the rate of aerobic exercise among adults over the age of 19 and older decreased by 9.8% from 58.3% in 2014 to 48.5% in 2017, and the rate of walking among adults over the age of 19 and older decreased by 6.7% p from 45.7% in 2007 to 39.0% in 2017 [3]. However, according to the study of Guthold et al. [4], a 2016 survey of 298 schools in 146 countries found that 81.0% of 11–17 year olds were not getting enough physical activity. On the other hand, in the case of Korea, 94.2% of adolescents showed insufficient amount of physical activity, which made Korea recognized as the country with the most insufficient amount of physical activity for adolescents in the world. Since such a decrease in physical activity can cause a decrease in physical strength and muscle mass [5] and an increase in body fat mass, thereby causing metabolic diseases [6], efforts to increase physical activity are required.
Taekwondo is a traditional martial art from Korea and is recognized as a global martial arts and sport with more than 100 million practitioners in 210 countries worldwide [1]. Taekwondo as an exercise has positive effects on the psychological and physiological areas for the growth and development of children and adolescents. In addition, Taekwondo training prevents or positively improves obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, cerebrovascular, and cardiovascular diseases in adults and the elderly [7][8][9][10]. In addition, it is expected to improve various physical strengths, including aerobic capacity, muscle strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, speed, and agility through the physiological effects of Taekwondo practice [11][12][13][14]. For this reason, Taekwondo is considered suitable as an essential exercise for improving the physical activity of Koreans and preventing and improving various diseases.
Study | Study Type | Frequency (Day/Week) | Participants | Sex | Taekwondo (n, Age) | Control (n, Age) | Body Composition Method | Outcome Variable | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Choi W, 2000 [18] | Thesis | 3/24 | Elementary student, 40% body fat ↑ | M | 9 | 11.78 | 9 | 11.89 | Skinfold | % Body fat, BMI, Height, Weight |
Lee SH, 2008 [19] | Thesis | 5/12 | Elementary student | M | 8 | 11.1 | 8 | 11.1 | BIA | % Body fat, Height, Lean mass, Muscle mass, Weight |
Lee SW, 2011 [20] | Thesis | 5/12 | Elementary student | Mixed | 8 | 11.13 | 8 | 10.88 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Height, Lean mass, WC, Weight |
Jung SH, 2012 [21] | Thesis | 5/12 | Elementary student | M | 10 | 10.2 | 10 | 10.3 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Fat mass, Height, Lean mass, Muscle mass, Weight |
Lee SJ, 2014 [22] | Thesis | 3/16 | Elementary student, 25% body fat ↑ | M | 10 | 12.6 | 10 | 12.7 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Weight |
Lee SH, 2015 [23] | Thesis | 5/12 | Elementary student | M | 9 | 7.46 | 9 | 7.74 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Height, Lean mass, Weight |
Seo DW, 2019 [24] | Thesis | 5/12 | Elementary student | M | 23 | 10 | 22 | 9.67 | BIA | Fat mass, Lean mass, Muscle mass, Weight |
An SW, 2004 [25] | Thesis | 5/12 | Adolescent, 30% body fat ↑ | M | 10 | ND | 10 | ND | BIA | % Body fat, Height, Lean mass, Weight, WHR |
Shu DK, 2008 [26] | Thesis | 5/12 | Adolescent. first menstruation | M | 9 | 12.18 | 9 | 12.73 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Fat mass, Height, Lean mass, Weight |
Jung HC, 2014 [27] | Thesis | 3/16 | Adolescent | M | 15 | 13.9 | 15 | 13.9 | DXA | % Body fat, BMI, Fat mass, Height, Lean mass, WC, Weight |
Kang MG, 2014 [28] | Thesis | 3/12 | Adolescent, 30% body fat ↑ | F | 10 | ND | 10 | ND | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Weight |
Moon DS, 2007 [29] | Journal article | 5/12 | Elementary student | M | 12 | 12.35 | 12 | 12.42 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Height, Lean mass, Weight, WHR |
Kim WK, 2009 [30] | Journal article | 5/12 | Adolescent men, 20% body fat ↑ | M | 10 | 14.7 | 10 | 15.1 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Height, Lean mass, Weight, WHR |
Kwon YC, 2010 [31] | Journal article | 3/12 | Elementary student, 25% body fat ↑ | Mixed | 12 | 11.92 | 12 | 12.5 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Fat mass, Height, Lean mass, WC, Weight, WHR |
Lee SH, 2011 [32] | Journal article | 4/10 | Adolescent | M | 6 | 16.8 | 9 | 16.4 | BIA | % Body fat, Muscle mass, Weight |
Cho WJ, 2013 [33] | Journal article | 3/12 | Elementary student, BMI 25 kg/m2 ↑ | M | 12 | 11.17 | 12 | 11.33 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Weight |
Song JK, 2013 [34] | Journal article | 3/12 | Adolescent | M | 12 | 14 | 7 | 13.9 | DXA | % Body fat, Fat mass, Height, Lean mass, Weight |
Cho WJ, 2014 [35] | Journal article | 3/12 | Elementary student, BMI 25 kg/m2 ↑ | M | 10 | 11.77 | 10 | 11.51 | BIA | % Body fat, Weight |
Chea SI, 2016 [36] | Thesis | 3/12 | Middle-aged women, obesity | F | 8 | 39.25 | 8 | 39.7 | BIA | % Body fat, Weight |
Seo DK, 2016 [37] | Thesis | 5/12 | Middle-aged women | F | 13 | 42.77 | 13 | 42.54 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Lean mass, Weight |
Han SY, 2007 [38] | Journal article | 5/14 | Middle-aged women, no menopause | F | 7 | 41 | 6 | 38 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Lean mass, WHR |
Kim KT, 2010 [39] | Journal article | 3/12 | Adult | M | 10 | 27.3 | 10 | 27.4 | BIA | % Body fat, Lean mass, Muscle mass, Weight |
Lee KK, 2011 [40] | Journal article | 3/12 | Middle-aged | F | 12 | 41.44 | 12 | 42.16 | DXA | % Body fat, Fat mass, Lean mass, Weight |
Lee KK, 2015 [41] | Journal article | 3/12 | Middle-aged women, menopause | F | 20 | 54.3 | 20 | 53.1 | DXA | % Body fat, Lean mass, WC, Weight, WHR |
Joo SE, 2017 [42] | Journal article | 3/12 | Middle-aged women, 30% body fat ↑ | F | 15 | 40.1 | 15 | 40.2 | BIA | % Body fat, Fat mass, Height, Lean mass, Weight, WHR |
Lee KS, 2017 [43] | Journal article | 3/8 | Middle-aged | M | 7 | 40.85 | 7 | 40.71 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, BMI, Fat mass, Weight, WHR |
Jung MK, 2018 [44] | Journal article | 3/24 | Middle-aged women, menopause & obese | F | 8 | 61.05 | 9 | 59.89 | BIA | % Body fat, Fat mass, Lean mass, WC, Weight, WHR |
Lee JK, 2019 [45] | Journal article | 3/12 | Middle-aged women, 30% body fat ↑ | F | 12 | 50.9 | 12 | 50.3 | BIA | % Body fat, Muscle mass |
Kim NS, 2018 [46] | Journal article | 13/2 | University student | M | 6 | 21.3 | 10 | 22.1 | BIA | % Body fat, Fat mass, Lean mass, Weight |
Kim NS, 2018 [47] | Journal article | 3/12 | University student | M | 5 | 21 | 9 | 22 | BIA | % Body fat, Lean mass, WC, Weight, WHR |
Chea SI, 2011 [48] | Thesis | 3/12 | Elderly women | F | 8 | 69.53 | 8 | 70 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Weight |
Kang HJ, 2014 [49] | Thesis | 3/12 | Elderly women | F | 11 | 69.4 | 13 | 70.4 | DXA | % Body fat, Fat mass, Height, Lean mass, Weight |
Shin JD, 2009 [50] | Journal article | 3/12 | Elderly women | F | 10 | 69.7 | 10 | 71.7 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Fat mass, |
Moon DS, 2010 [51] | Journal article | 3/12 | Elderly women | F | 15 | 72.13 | 15 | 75.07 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Height, Lean mass, Weight |
Shin JD, 2010 [52] | Journal article | 3/12 | Elderly women, 30% body fat ↑ | F | 7 | 70.86 | 7 | 71.68 | BIA | % Body fat, Height, Lean mass, Weight |
Cho WJ, 2012 [53] | Journal article | 3/12 | Elderly women, 30% body fat ↑ | F | 13 | 69 | 13 | 68.62 | BIA | % Body fat, Weight |
Lim YR, 2017 [54] | Journal article | 4/12 | Elderly women, over Weight | F | 15 | ND | 15 | ND | BIA | % Body fat, Fat mass, Muscle mass, Weight |