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Topic Review
Hesperidin
Recently, hesperidin, a flavonone mainly present in citrus fruits, has emerged as a new potential therapeutic agent able to modulate several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk factors.
  • 2.2K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. HCC is highly heterogeneous, both within the tumor and among individuals, which is closely related to the HCC surveillance, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response. With the advances of next-generation sequencing, the genomic landscape of HCC has been identified which vastly improves our understanding of genetic and epigenetic changes and their interaction during HCC development.
  • 2.2K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Chemish in Chemistry Teaching and Learning
Chemish, as defined by Markic & Childs as the scientific language of chemistry, is essential for communicating in and understanding chemistry. At the same time, Chemish is one of the major difficulties in teaching and learning chemistry in the school context.
  • 2.2K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
The Effects of Greenwashing on Circular Consumption
Circular consumption entails tactics like reusing, recycling, and repairing to minimize waste and optimize resource usage. Greenwashing, in contrast, pertains to the use of false or overblown environmental claims by companies wanting to capitalize on consumers’ rising environmental concerns. Green consumption has become a desirable and environmentally harmless political and economic assumption. Yet, concerns are being raised due to the emergence of greenwashing practices, which challenge the credibility of companies’ environmental claims. 
  • 2.2K
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
GaN Electronic Devices
GaN has been widely used to develop devices for high-power and high-frequency applications owing to its higher breakdown voltage and high electron saturation velocity. The GaN HEMT radio frequency (RF) power amplifier is the first commercialized product that is fabricated using the conventional Au-based III–V device manufacturing process. In recent years, owing to the increased applications in power electronics, and expanded applications in RF and millimeter-wave (mmW) power amplifiers for 5G mobile communications, the development of high-volume production techniques derived from CMOS technology for GaN electronic devices has become highly demanded. 
  • 2.2K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Application of electrospun nanocomposites on removal of harmful substances
Nanomaterials and nanotechnology will undoubtedly become core materials and technologies in advanced materials and technologies. In recent years, nanomaterials and nanotechnology have been widely used in environmental restoration due to their low cost, high efficiency, and other advantages. In this study, the high-performance polyurethane/rare earth (PU/RE) composite nanomaterials were fabricated via electrospinning. The electrospun nanomaterials for adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air was thoroughly investigated. The PU nanofiber containing 50 wt. % RE powder had the smallest fiber diameter of 356 nm; it also showed the highest VOC absorption capacity compared with other composite membranes, having an absorption capacity about three times greater than pure PU nanofibers.
  • 2.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Retinoic Acid
The retinoids are a group of compounds including vitamin A and its active metabolite all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). Retinoids regulate a variety of physiological functions in multiple organ systems, are essential for normal immune competence, and are involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. Vitamin A derivatives have held promise in cancer treatment and ATRA is used in differentiation therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). ATRA and other retinoids have also been successfully applied in a variety of dermatological conditions such as skin cancer, psoriasis, acne, and ichthyosis. Moreover, modulation of retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X (or rexinoid) receptors function may affect dermal cells. The studies using complex genetic models with various combinations of retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X (or rexinoid) receptors (RXRs) indicate that retinoic acid and its derivatives have therapeutic potential for a variety of serious dermatological disorders including some malignant conditions.
  • 2.2K
  • 28 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Microbes’ Roles in Wound Healing
Normal wound healing cascade is highly dynamic and has four distinct overlapping phases which involves several cellular and molecular interactions. It is known to be one of the most complicated processes in human body. The wound healing mechanism can be interrupted due to the involvement of several diseases that eventually develop to chronic wounds such as in diabetic foot ulcers. Infection is a common problem in chronic wound cause by microbes residing on the superficial layer of the skin. It is frequently resulting in impaired wound healing and patient morbidity and mortality. Antibiotic therapy and wound dressings are the main treatments to treat infected chronic wounds. However, the presence of polymicrobial infections, formation of bacterial biofilms and antibiotics resistance are the major challenges faced by healthcare providers to kill or eliminate the microbes from the wounds. Considering all the possible factors, more studies are needed to elucidate the role of microbes as well as the selection of suitable empirical antibiotics in reducing the infections and provide optimal healing in chronic wounds.  
  • 2.2K
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Honey Sensory and Compositional Properties
The basis of honey sensory evaluation is the description and quantification of a variety of factors relating to the perception of visual, olfactory, gustatory, and tactile characteristics. It is an essential process in improving the understanding of consumer requirements, preferences, or aversions for the evaluated honey products. This research evaluates the relationships between the sensory and compositional characteristics of a range of commercially available honeys. 
  • 2.2K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Mint Oils
The objectives of the study were to test the biological activities of peppermint and spearmint oils via (i) measuring in vitro anti-inflammatory effects with porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), (ii) determining the barrier integrity of IPEC-J2 by analyzing transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), (iii) testing their antioxidant activities, and (iv) investigating the antimicrobial activity against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F18+. Briefly, (i) macrophages were seeded at 106 cells/mL and treated (24 h) with mint oils and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The treatments were 2 (0 or 1 μg/mL of LPS) × 5 (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 µg/mL of mint oils). The supernatants were collected for TNF-α and IL-1β measurement by ELISA; (ii) IPEC-J2 cells were seeded at 5 × 10 5 cells/mL and treated with mint oils (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL). TEER (Ωcm2) was measured at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h; (iii) the antioxidant activity was assessed (0, 1, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 600 mg/mL) using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and reducing power assays; (iv) overnight-grown ETEC F18+ were quantified (CFU/mL) after supplementing with peppermint and spearmint oils (0, 1.44, 2.87, 5.75, 11.50, and 23.00 mg/mL). All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure. Both mint oils significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) IL-1β and TNF-α secretion from LPS-stimulated PAMs. Mint oil treatments did not affect TEER in IPEC-J2. Spearmint and peppermint oils exhibited (p < 0.05) strong antioxidant activities in DPPH and reducing power assays. Both mint oils also dose-dependently inhibited (p < 0.05) the growth of ETEC F18+ in vitro. The results of the study indicated that both mint oils are great candidate feed additives due to their in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. Further research is needed to evaluate their efficacy in vivo.
  • 2.2K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Pullulan-Degrading Enzymes
Starch and pullulan degrading enzymes are essential industrial biocatalysts. Pullulan-degrading enzymes are grouped into pullulanases (types I and type II) and pullulan hydrolase (types I, II and III).
  • 2.2K
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Effect of Dutasteride in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs) in the cerebral cortex, brainstem and spinal cord, with consequent weakness, atrophy and the progressive paralysis of all muscles. There is currently no medical cure, and riluzole and edaravone are the only two known approved drugs for treating this condition. However, they have limited efficacy, and hence there is a need to find new molecules. Dutasteride, a dual inhibitor of type 1 and type 2 5α-reductase (5AR) enzymes, the therapeutic purposes of which, to date, are the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and androgenic alopecia, shows great anti-ALS properties by the molecular-topology methodology.
  • 2.2K
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Counter-Insurgency
Counterinsurgency (COIN) is generally used to refer to "the totality of actions aimed at defeating irregular forces". The Oxford English Dictionary defines counterinsurgency as any "military or political action taken against the activities of guerrillas or revolutionaries" and can be considered war by a state against a non-state adversary. Insurgency and counterinsurgency campaigns have been waged since ancient history. However, modern thinking on counterinsurgency was developed during decolonization. Within the military sciences, counterinsurgency is one of the main operational approaches of irregular warfare. During insurgency and counterinsurgency, the distinction between civilians and combatants is often blurred. Counterinsurgency may involve attempting to win the hearts and minds of populations supporting the insurgency. Alternately, it may be waged in an attempt to intimidate or eliminate civilian populations suspected of loyalty to the insurgency through indiscriminate violence, including genocide.
  • 2.2K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
DNA Damage Response and COVID-19
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and characterized by an extremely variable disease course, ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe illness. Our cells develop DNA lesions on a daily basis. These lesions can inhibit basic cellular processes, such as genome replication and transcription, and if they are not repaired properly, they could result in mutations or genome aberrations, thereby posing a threat to the cell or even to the viability of a particular organism.
  • 2.2K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Workers’ Right to Access Restroom
Workers' right to access restroom refers to the rights of employees to take a break when they need to use the bathroom. The right to access a bathroom is a basic human need. Unless both the employee and employer agree to compensate the employee on rest breaks an employer cannot take away the worker's right to access a restroom while working. There is limited information on the rights workers have to access bathrooms among the world's legal systems. The law is not clear in New Zealand, United Kingdom , or the United States of America as to the amount of time a worker is entitled to use a restroom while working. Nor is there clarification on what constitutes a 'reasonable' amount of access to a restroom. Consequently, the lack of access to toilet facilities has become a health issue for many workers. Issues around workplace allowance to use a restroom has given light on issues such as workers having to ask permission to use a toilet and some workers having their pay deducted for the mere human right of using a bathroom when they need to.
  • 2.2K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hedgehogs in Culture
Hedgehogs have appeared widely in popular and folk culture.
  • 2.2K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Disintegration Characteristics of Red Soil
Red soil, widely distributed in South America, Africa and Southeast Asia (approximately between the 30° S and 30° N latitudes), is formed by the weathering of carbonate or other rocks rich in iron and aluminium oxides in hot and humid climates. The concept of problem soils was first proposed by Wiseman et al. (1988), and it received a rapid response from the international soil community. Problem soils have a wide horizontal distribution range and large longitudinal depth. Such soils represent a relatively difficult research object in the soil mechanics domain, and the related research is thus a key field of geotechnical engineering. At the 2004 International Conference on Progress in Geotechnical Engineering, Evans et al. indicated that red soil, as a type of problem soil, is prone to geological disasters. Red soil is a highly sensitive problem soil in the Earth’s crust, owing to its hydrologic characteristics and chemical behaviour, and is known as problematic red soil. In rain or a full water system, under the influence of physical and chemical solutions, the original water-soil composition and structure and micro-cracks in the problem soil are destroyed, and the variation in the physical and chemical fields changes the mechanical properties of the soil, which may result in critical disintegration and other types of deformation and failure. These geological hazards are closely related to the intergranular suction, which, in turn, is related to the mechanical properties of unsaturated red soil, and may threaten building foundations and project construction.
  • 2.2K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Plant Response to Mechanical Stress
Mechanical stimuli, together with the corresponding plant perception mechanisms and the finely tuned thigmomorphogenetic response, has been of scientific and practical interest since the mid-17th century. As an emerging field, there are many challenges in the research of mechanical stress. Indeed, studies on different plant species (annual/perennial) and plant organs (stem/root) using different approaches (field, wet lab, and in silico/computational) have delivered insufficient findings that frequently impede the practical application of the acquired knowledge. 
  • 2.2K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Energy Consumption of Ready-Mixed Concrete Mixing
The production and utilization of concrete and concrete-based products have drastically increased with the surge of construction activities over the last decade, especially in countries such as China and India. Consequently, this has resulted in a corresponding increase in the energy used for the production of ready-mixed concrete. One approach to reduce the cost of concrete manufacturing is to reduce the energy required for the manufacturing process. The main hypothesis of this study is that the power required for mixing the concrete can be reduced through the use of mineral admixtures in the mix design.
  • 2.2K
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Social Entrepreneurship and Triple Bottom Line
Social entrepreneurship (SE) has gained prominence as a key segment of entrepreneurship. The unique mission and the market expectations are the key differences between social and commercial entrepreneurship. The concept of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has grown increasingly important in the entrepreneurship context. 
  • 2.2K
  • 19 Jun 2023
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