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Topic Review
Lead Azide at Microscale
Lead azide (LA) is a commonly used primary explosive, the detonation growth of which is difficult to study because it is so sensitive and usually has a small charge size in applications.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Thermodynamic Insights into Symmetry Breaking
Symmetry breaking is a phenomenon that is observed in various contexts, from the early universe to complex organisms, and it is considered a key puzzle in understanding the emergence of life. The importance of this phenomenon is underscored by the prevalence of enantiomeric amino acids and proteins. The presence of enantiomeric amino acids and proteins highlights its critical role. However, the origin of symmetry breaking has yet to be comprehensively explained, particularly from an energetic standpoint.  Therefore, a novel approach is explored by considering energy dissipation, specifically the lost free energy, as a crucial factor in elucidating symmetry breaking. A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis applicable to all scales from elementary particles to aggregate structures such as crystals is performed, we present experimental evidence establishing a direct link between nonequilibrium free energy and energy dissipation during the formation of the structures. Results emphasize the pivotal role of energy dissipation, not only as an outcome but as the trigger for symmetry breaking. This insight suggests that understanding the origins of complex systems, from cells to living beings and the universe itself, requires a lens focused on nonequilibrium processes  
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Phase Equilibrium Studies in the RE2O3-REF3-LiF System
The solubility of rare earth oxides in molten salt directly affects the selection of operational parameters in the electrolysis process. When the added amount of RE2O3 is less than its solubility, it leads to a decreased electrolytic efficiency. Conversely, an excessive amount of oxide is prone to settle at the bottom of the electrolytic cell, impeding smooth production. The RE2O3 solubility in the fluoride salt can be represented by the phase equilibrium of the RE2O3-REF3-LiF system. The isothermal lines in the primary phase field of rare earth oxide represent the solubility of the oxide in the fluoride salt at the corresponding temperature.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics NMR
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is a well-established technique used for the study of various chemical substances and mixtures in any state of matter and almost at any temperature and pressure conditions. Its combination with QM NMR calculations can significantly increase the accuracy of the results.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Application of High-Entropy Alloys in SOFC Technology
The mechanisms of the stabilization of a high-entropy state in such materials, as well as the effect of structural and charge factors on the stability of the resulting homogeneous solid solution are performed. An introduction to the synthesis methods for HEAs (high-entropy alloys) is given. 
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Supramolecular Combination Therapy Based on Metal Coordination Complexes
Supramolecular combination therapy adopts supramolecular materials to design intelligent drug delivery systems with different strategies for cancer treatments. Thereinto, macrocyclic supramolecular materials play a crucial role in encapsulating anticancer drugs to improve anticancer efficiency and decrease toxicity towards normal tissue by host–guest interaction. Biomacromolecule drugs have become one of the important medications for the therapeutics of human diseases. The choice of an adequate drug delivery method is essential to ensuring the therapeutic efficacy of biomacromolecule medications in vivo due to the high tendency of biomacromolecule pharmaceuticals to degrade in the human body.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ru(II)-Dppz Derivatives and DNA
Transition metal complexes with dppz-type ligands (dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine) are extensively studied and attract a considerable amount of attention, becoming, from the very beginning and increasingly over time, a powerful tool for investigating the structure of the DNA helix. In particular, [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)]2+ and [Ru(phen)2(dppz)]2+ and their derivatives were extensively investigated as DNA light-switches. 
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Phenolics against the Oxidation of o/w Emulsions
Lipid oxidation is a serious problem for scientists since it adversely affects the product quality in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical sectors.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bio-Lubricants
An extremely efficient lubrication system is achieved in synovial joints by means of bio-lubricants and sophisticated nanostructured surfaces that work together.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
New Liquid Chemical Hydrogen Storage Technology
The liquid chemical hydrogen storage technology has great potentials for high-density hydrogen storage and transportation at ambient temperature and pressure. However, its commercial applications highly rely on the high-performance heterogeneous dehydrogenation catalysts, owing to the dehydrogenation difficulty of chemical hydrogen storage materials. The chemists and materials scientists found that the supported metal nanoparticles (MNPs) can exhibit high catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability for the dehydrogenation of chemical hydrogen storage materials, which will clear the way for the commercial application of liquid chemical hydrogen storage technology. 
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Sep 2022
Biography
Jack H. Freed
Jack H. Freed (born April 19, 1938) is an American chemist known for his pioneering work in electron paramagnetic resonance (aka electron spin resonance) spectroscopy. He is the Frank and Robert Laughlin Professor of Physical Chemistry, Emeritus, at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Jack Freed was born in New York City. He received his bachelor's degree in chemical engineering in 1958 f
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Biography
Austin James Barnes
Austin James Barnes was born in Blackpool on 2 June 1945. He went to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, in 1963 and obtained his BA degree in 1966. He then moved to the University College of Swansea, where he was awarded his PhD degree in 1969 for research on the infrared spectra of matrix-isolated species under the supervision of the late Harry Hallam. After a period of postdoctoral researc
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Integrin-Based Therapeutics in Diseases
Integrins are heterodimeric glycoproteins crucial to the physiology and pathology of many biological functions. As adhesion molecules, they mediate immune cell trafficking, migration, and immunological synapse formation during inflammation and cancer. The recognition of the vital roles of integrins in various diseases revealed their therapeutic potential. 
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Chitosan-Containing Composite Materials for Adsorption and Catalysis
Composite materials including organic–inorganic systems have drawn special attention due to their enhanced properties such as adsorbents and heterogeneous catalysts. At the same time, large-scale production of environmentally benign functionalized biopolymers, such as chitosan (CS), allows for constantly developing new materials, since CS reveals remarkable properties as a stabilizing agent for metal-containing compounds and enzymes and as an adsorbent of organic molecules. 
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Reactions of Graphene Nano-Flakes
The elucidation of the mechanism of the chemical evolution of the universe is one of the most important themes in astrophysics. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) provide a two-dimensional reaction field in a three-dimensional interstellar space. Additionally, PAHs play an important role as a model of graphene nanoflake (GNF) in materials chemistry.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Tracing the Glycine from Quantum Chemical Simulations
Glycine (Gly), NH2CH2COOH, is the simplest amino acid. Although it has not been directly detected in the interstellar gas-phase medium, it has been identified in comets and meteorites, and its synthesis in these environments has been simulated in terrestrial laboratory experiments. Likewise, condensation of Gly to form peptides in scenarios resembling those present in a primordial Earth has been demonstrated experimentally. Thus, Gly is a paradigmatic system for biomolecular building blocks to investigate how they can be synthesized in astrophysical environments, transported and delivered by fragments of asteroids (meteorites, once they land on Earth) and comets (interplanetary dust particles that land on Earth) to the primitive Earth, and there react to form biopolymers as a step towards the emergence of life. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Perovskite-Type Oxides as Exsolution Catalysts in CO2 Utilization
Perovskite-type oxides (ABO3) are a highly versatile class of materials. They are compositionally flexible, as their constituents can be chosen from a wide range of elements across the periodic table with a vast number of possible combinations. This flexibility enables the tuning of the materials’ properties by doping the A- and/or B-sites of the base structure, facilitating the application-oriented design of materials. The ability to undergo exsolution under reductive conditions makes perovskite-type oxides particularly well-suited for catalytic applications. Exsolution is a process during which B-site elements migrate to the surface of the material where they form anchored and finely dispersed nanoparticles that are crucially important for obtaining a good catalytic performance, while the perovskite base provides a stable support. Recently, exsolution catalysts have been investigated as possible materials for CO2 utilization reactions like reverse water–gas shift reactions or methane dry reforming.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Biomass-Based Furan Compounds
Bio-based furanic oxygenates represent a well-known class of lignocellulosic biomass-derived platform molecules. In the presence of H2 and different nitrogen sources, these versatile building blocks can be transformed into valuable amine compounds via reductive amination or hydrogen-borrowing amination mechanisms, yet they still face many challenges due to the co-existence of many side-reactions, such as direct hydrogenation, polymerization and cyclization. Hence, catalysts with specific structures and functions are required to achieve satisfactory yields of target amines.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Solvatochromism in Solvent Mixtures
Many reactions are carried out in solvent mixtures, mainly because of practical reasons. For example, E2 eliminations are favored over SN2 substitutions in aqueous organic solvents because the bases are desolvated.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Graphene and 2D Materials
Several chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods have been extensively used in the semiconductor industries for bulk crystal growth, thin film deposition, and nanomaterials synthesis. The MW-SWP CVD system consisting of a waveguide, slot antenna, and dielectric windows is significant for generating high-density plasma with low electron temperature, enabling low-temperature growth of materials without damaging the surface of base substrates. The synthesis of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) films has been achieved on metals, semiconductors, insulators, and dielectric substrates for application in photovoltaics, sensors, batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and various other electronic devices.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Sep 2022
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