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Topic Review
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, one or more peripheral cytopenias, single or multilineage dysplasia in the bone marrow (BM), and an increased risk of progressing to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), occurring eventually in approximately 30% of the cases, more rapidly in higher risk patients.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2021
Topic Review
Metabolic Reprogramming in Sickle Cell Diseases
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Chronic anemia, hemolysis, and vasculopathy are associated with SCD, and their role has been well characterized. These symptoms stem from hemoglobin (Hb) polymerization, which is the primary event in the molecular pathogenesis of SCD and contributes to erythrocyte or red blood cell (RBC) sickling, stiffness, and vaso-occlusion. The disease is caused by a mutation at the sixth position of the β-globin gene, coding for sickle Hb (HbS) instead of normal adult Hb (HbA), which under hypoxic conditions polymerizes into rigid fibers to distort the shapes of the RBCs. Only a few therapies are available, with the universal effectiveness of recently approved therapies still being monitored. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Biofluids in Haematological Malignancies
The proteomes of biofluids, including serum, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine, are highly dynamic with protein abundance fluctuating depending on the physiological and/or pathophysiological context. Improvements in mass-spectrometric technologies have facilitated the in-depth characterisation of biofluid proteomes which are now considered hosts of a wide array of clinically relevant biomarkers. Promising efforts are being made in the field of biomarker diagnostics for haematologic malignancies. Several serum and urine-based biomarkers such as free light chains, β-microglobulin, and lactate dehydrogenase are quantified as part of the clinical assessment of haematological malignancies. However, novel, minimally invasive proteomic markers are required to aid diagnosis and prognosis and to monitor therapeutic response and minimal residual disease.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Primary Hemostasis Disorders in Women of Reproductive Age
Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a common clinical condition affecting adolescent and adult women and compromising their quality of life. Primary hemostasis disorders, affecting platelet plug formation, can be the underlying cause of HMB. They comprise a heterogeneous group of diseases with Von Willebrand disease (VWD) being the most commonly diagnosed; other disorders in this group that have been linked to HMB include (a) Glanzmann thrombasthenia, (b) Bernard–Soulier syndrome, (c) Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome, (d) immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and (e) Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) and hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD). Diagnosing these diseases can be challenging, as the basic laboratory investigations can be within the normal range.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Myelodysplastic Syndromes/Myeloproliferative Overlap Neoplasms
The myelodysplastic syndromes/myeloproliferative overlap neoplasms (MDS/MPN) comprise a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplastic diseases with clinical and pathologic overlapping features of both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative neoplasms. The 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification included five entities: chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), atypical CML BCR-ABL1− (aCML), juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), MDS/MPN with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis (MDS/MPN-RS-T), and MDS/MPN unclassifiable (MDS/MPN-U). In 2022, there emerged two competing classifications for myeloid neoplasms: the International Consensus Classification (ICC) and the fifth edition of the WHO classification. Both classifications now expand on these categories; in particular, MDS/MPN with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis (MDS/MPN-RS-T) has been split into two entities in the ICC 2022 based on the presence/absence of the SF3B1 mutation. Moreover, both the WHO 2022 classification and the ICC move JMML to be grouped with pediatric and/or germline mutation-associated disorders.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Potential Therapeutic Targets in Lymphoma
Lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of diseases that often require their metabolism programs to fulfill the demand of cell proliferation. Features of metabolism in lymphoma cells include high glucose uptake, deregulated expression of enzymes related to glycolysis, dual capacity for glycolytic and oxidative metabolism, elevated glutamine metabolism, and fatty acid synthesis. These aberrant metabolic changes lead to tumorigenesis, disease progression, and resistance to lymphoma chemotherapy. Metabolic reprogramming, including glucose, nucleic acid, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism, is a dynamic process caused not only by genetic and epigenetic changes, but also by changes in the microenvironment affected by viral infections. Notably, some critical metabolic enzymes and metabolites may play vital roles in lymphomagenesis and progression. 
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Genomics of Hairy Cell Leukaemia
Hairy cell leukaemia is a rare chronic lymphoid malignancy with distinctive clinical and laboratory features which include an enlarged spleen, low blood counts, and infiltration of the spleen and bone marrow, with lymphocytes that have a villous or hairy cytoplasmic border. Historically it has been responsive to a range of treatment modalities including splenectomy, alpha interferon, and more recently chemotherapy, but none are curative. The Genomics of hairy cell leukaemia involves the chromosome abnormalities, genomic mutations, DNA methylation patterns, and immunoglobulin gene usage in this disease.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
NK Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy
NK (Natural Killer) cell-mediated adoptive immunotherapy has gained attention in hematology due to the progressing knowledge of NK cell receptor structure, biology and function. Today, challanges related to NK cell expansion and persistence in vivo as well as low cytotoxicity have been mostly overcome by pioneering trials that focused on harnessing NK cell functions. Recent technology advancements in gene delivery, gene editing and chimeric antigen receptor (CARs) have made it possible to generate genetically modified NK cells that enhance the anti-tumor efficacy and represent suitable 'off-the-shelf' products with fewer side effects. The recent advanced in NK cell biology along with current approaches for potentiating NK cell proliferation and activity was highlighted, redirecting NK cells using CARs and optimizing the procedure to manufacture clinical-grade NK and CAR NK cells for adoptive immunotherapy.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Myelodysplastic Syndromes with Isolated del(5q)
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of clonal hematological neoplasms characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis in one or more bone marrow cell lineages. Myelodysplastic syndromes with isolated del(5q) constitute the only MDS subtype defined by a cytogenetic alteration. 
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Evaluation of Treatment Response in Multiple Myeloma
Bone disease is among the defining characteristics of symptomatic Multiple Myeloma (MM). Imaging techniques such as fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography–computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can identify plasma cell proliferation and quantify disease activity. This function renders these imaging tools as suitable not only for diagnosis, but also for the assessment of bone disease after treatment of MM patients. 
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Interactions of Platelets with TME in Ovarian Cancer
Platelets, the primary operatives of hemostasis that contribute to blood coagulation and wound healing after blood vessel injury, are also involved in pathological conditions, including cancer. Malignancy-associated thrombosis is common in ovarian cancer patients and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Platelets extravasate into the tumor microenvironment (TME) in ovarian cancer and interact with cancer cells and non-cancerous elements. Ovarian cancer cells also activate platelets. The communication between activated platelets, cancer cells, and the tumor microenvironment is via various platelet membrane proteins or mediators released through degranulation or the secretion of microvesicles from platelets. These interactions trigger signaling cascades in tumors that promote ovarian cancer progression, metastasis, and neoangiogenesis.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Anemia
Anemia is a medical condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin to carry adequate oxygen to the body's tissues. Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs and delivers it to the rest of the body.
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Jun 2025
Topic Review
NOTCH Signaling in Mantle Cell Lymphoma
The NOTCH signaling pathway is highly conserved, and its dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many B cell malignancies including MCL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL), follicular lymphoma (FL), diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and multiple myeloma (MM). The NOTCH genes play a critical role in the early and late phases of normal B cell differentiation. In MCL, mutations in the PEST domain stabilize NOTCH proteins, rendering them resistant to degradation, which subsequently results in the upregulation of genes involved in angiogenesis, cell cycle progression, and cell migration and adhesion.
  • 997
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Thromboembolic Risk in Atrial Fibrillation
An ideal biomarker should be simple and practical, have a high sensitivity and be inexpensive. Some clinical markers (e.g., non-paroxysmal type of AF, carotid plaque) and some circulating biomarkers (e.g., cardiac troponin, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic protein [BT-proBNP], and D-dimer) are promising for use in IS prediction in patients with NVAF because it is both practical and simple to determine them.
  • 993
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma
The introduction of immunotherapy into the treatment options for Hodgkin’s lymphoma has improved survival in patients with recurrence of their cancer. These agents help the body’s immune system respond and clear cancer cells. 
  • 991
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Genomics of Plasma Cell Leukemia
Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare and highly aggressive plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by the presence of clonal circulating plasma cells in peripheral blood. PCL accounts for approximately 2–4% of all multiple myeloma (MM) cases. PCL can be classified in primary PCL (pPCL) when it appears de novo and in secondary PCL (sPCL) when it arises from a pre-existing relapsed/refractory MM. The development of new high-throughput technologies, such as microarrays and new generation sequencing (NGS), has contributed to a better understanding of the peculiar biological and clinical features of this disease. Relevant information is now available on cytogenetic alterations, genetic variants, transcriptome, methylation patterns, and non-coding RNA profiles. Additionally, attempts have been made to integrate genomic alterations with gene expression data. 
  • 984
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Surface Antigens in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) progression is dependent on its interaction with the bone marrow microenvironment and the immune system and is mediated by key surface antigens. Some antigens promote adhesion to the bone marrow matrix and stromal cells, while others are involved in intercellular interactions that result in differentiation of B-cells to plasma cells (PC). These interactions are also involved in malignant transformation of the normal PC to MM PC as well as disease progression.
  • 972
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ferroptosis in NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic progressive liver disease with steatosis as the main pathological feature, including simple fatty liver degeneration, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It may develop into cirrhosis and liver cancer. NAFLD is the most common chronic liver disease in the world today, and its incidence in the Euro-American region has reached more than 20%.
  • 966
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Next-Generation Covalent BTKi
Ibrutinib revolutionized the chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treatment approach and prognosis demonstrating its efficacy and safety even at extended follow-up. During the last few years, several next-generation inhibitors have been developed to overcome the occurrence of toxicity or resistance in patients on continuous treatment. In a head-to-head comparison of two phase III trials, both acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib demonstrated a lower incidence of adverse events in respect to ibrutinib. Nevertheless, resistance mutations remain a concern with continuous therapy and were demonstrated with both first- and next-generation covalent inhibitors. Reversible inhibitors showed efficacy independently of previous treatment and the presence of bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) mutations. Other strategies are currently under development in CLL, especially for high-risk patients, and include BTK inhibitor combinations with BCl2 inhibitors with or without anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. New mechanisms for BTK inhibition are under investigations in patients progressing with both covalent and non-covalent BTK and BCl2 inhibitors. 
  • 964
  • 30 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Hematologic Malignancies in COVID-19 Pandemic
Obesity is epidemiologically and likely, causally related to various hematological cancers, while both conditions may predispose to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. The COVID-19 pandemic brought about a variety of obstacles with respect to numerous aspects in the management of hematological malignancies. Patients with hematologic malignancies faced a variety of challenges, pertinent to the nature of an underlying hematologic disorder itself as well as its therapy as a risk factor for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, suboptimal vaccine efficacy and the need for uninterrupted medical observation and continued therapy. Obesity constitutes another factor which was acknowledged since the early days of the pandemic that predisposed people to severe COVID-19, and shares a likely causal link with the pathogenesis of a broad spectrum of hematologic cancers.
  • 961
  • 25 May 2022
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