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An ideal biomarker should be simple and practical, have a high sensitivity and be inexpensive. Some clinical markers (e.g., non-paroxysmal type of AF, carotid plaque) and some circulating biomarkers (e.g., cardiac troponin, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic protein [BT-proBNP], and D-dimer) are promising for use in IS prediction in patients with NVAF because it is both practical and simple to determine them.