Summary

Hypertension is a major public health concern worldwide because of its rising prevalence and concomitant risks of cardiovascular diseases. Coping strategies may encompass a full spectrum of clinical, epidemiological, experimental, and technological factors to inspire front-line practices and shape critical thinking. This entry collection aims to assemble entries of wealthy topics related to clinical, therapeutic, and population sciences of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases that could inform research scientists and healthcare professionals.

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Entries
Topic Review
Management of Fluid Overload in Acute Settings
This entry provides a comprehensive review of fluid overload management, specifically targeting therapeutic strategies for patients with diuretic resistance or refractory volume overload. It covers the pathophysiology of edema formation and the challenges associated with fluid removal in patients with chronic conditions such as congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and chronic kidney disease. Key treatments discussed include combination therapy with loop and thiazide diuretics, use of alternative loop diuretics with higher bioavailability, and the comparative effectiveness of bolus versus continuous drip loop diuretics. For patients unresponsive to pharmacologic management, the entry also examines mechanical ultrafiltration methods, comparing hemodialysis (HD), continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH), and specialized CHF solutions (Aquamid). The entry emphasizes evidence-based approaches, highlighting studies that support optimized fluid management to improve patient outcomes and reduce hospital readmissions.
  • 96
  • 30 Oct 2024
Topic Review
The Disease of Sympathetic Overdrive (DSO)
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of components of the autonomic system (ANS), whose overall ultimate function is to prepare the body for activities, which is a systemic response that affects many organs and systems. Accumulating evidence suggests that the SNS plays a crucial role in human numerous diseases. In the present article, we review the SNS dysfunction and even the disease of sympathetic overdrive (DSO) impact on cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine and metabolic as well as mental nervous system and various systems of the body. Despite the fact that the existence of this disease has not been truly recognized and confirmed. Here we proposed a hypothesis of the disease as DSO for the first time. The aim of the study is identifying the framework of the DSO, including the risk-factors, symptoms, end-points, mechanisms, and the strategies of management in order to improve both of the theory and clinical practice.As the hypothesis of DSO is novel born , the enrichment and improvement of hypothesis of the DSO are surely needed.
  • 209
  • 25 Jul 2024
Topic Review
Factors Affecting the Lipoprotein(a) Levels
Lipoprotein(a) is a variant of LDL-C, distinguished by the covalent binding of ApoB100 to a unique glycoprotein called apolipoprotein(a) via a disulfide thioester bond.
  • 552
  • 01 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Development of Pre-Eclampsia
Pre-eclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy characterized by a state of multiorgan hypertensive disorders, with or without proteinuria and possible multiorgan dysfunction.
  • 478
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Postoperative Myocardial Infarction after Non-Cardiac Surgery
In patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery, perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) is a threatened complication. Every year, not less than 300 million non-cardiac surgery interventions are performed in the world. Perioperative mortality after non-cardiac surgery is estimated at 2% in patients over 45 years of age. Cardiovascular events account for half of these deaths, and most are due to perioperative myocardial infarction (MINS). The diagnosis of postoperative myocardial infarction, before the introduction of cardiac biomarkers, was based on symptoms and electrocardiographic changes and its incidence was largely underestimated. The incidence of MINS when a standard troponin assay is used ranges between 8 and 19% but increases to 20–30% with high-sensitivity troponin assays. Higher troponin values suggesting myocardial injury, both with or without a definite diagnosis of myocardial infarction, are associated with an increase in 30-day and 1-year mortality. 
  • 412
  • 20 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Dietary Salt Restriction and MDP for Cardiometabolic Health
The dietary restriction of salt intake and the adhesion to Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) are among the most recommended lifestyle modifications for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. A large amount of evidence supports these recommendations. Likewise, findings from observational and clinical studies suggest a causal role of excess salt intake in blood pressure increase, cardiovascular organ damage, and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. In this context, it is also conceivable that the beneficial effects of these two dietary patterns overlap because Mediterranean dietary patterns are typically characterized by a large consumption of plant-based foods with low sodium content. However, there is little data on this issue, and heterogeneous results are available on the relationship between adherence to salt restriction and to Mediterranean dietary patterns.
  • 391
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Mechanical Circulatory Support Systems in Fulminant Myocarditis
Fulminant myocarditis (FM) constitutes a severe and life-threatening form of acute cardiac injury associated with cardiogenic shock. The condition is characterised by rapidly progressing myocardial inflammation, leading to significant impairment of cardiac function. Due to the acute and severe nature of the disease, affected patients require urgent medical attention to mitigate adverse outcomes. Besides symptom-oriented treatment in specialised intensive care units (ICUs), the necessity for temporary mechanical cardiac support (MCS) may arise. Numerous patients depend on these treatment methods as a bridge to recovery or heart transplantation, while, in certain situations, permanent MCS systems can also be utilised as a long-term treatment option. 
  • 359
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
The Efficacy of Spirulina Supplementation on Diabetes
As a result of rising mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), there has been a growing urgency to find alternative approaches to conventional pharmaceutical treatment to prevent the onset of chronic diseases. Arthrospira platensis, commonly known as Spirulina, is a blue-green cyanobacterium, classified as a “superfood”, used worldwide as a nutraceutical food supplement due to its remarkable nutritional value, lack of toxicity, and therapeutic effects. Many research studies have demonstrated that Spirulina has therapeutic functions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, antidiabetic, and brain-protective properties.
  • 565
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Wearable Technology for Monitoring Electrocardiograms in Adults
In the rapidly evolving landscape of continuous electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring systems, there is a heightened demand for non-invasive sensors capable of measuring ECGs and detecting heart rate variability (HRV) in diverse populations, ranging from cardiovascular patients to sports enthusiasts. Challenges like device accuracy, patient privacy, signal noise, and long-term safety impede the use of wearable devices in clinical practice.
  • 436
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Heart Failure
Heart failure (HF) is a widespread cardiovascular condition that poses significant risks to a wide spectrum of age groups and leads to terminal illness. Although our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of HF has improved, the available treatments still remain inadequate. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as crucial players in cardiac function, showing possibilities as potential targets for HF therapy. These versatile molecules interact with chromatin, proteins, RNA, and DNA, influencing gene regulation.
  • 921
  • 27 Feb 2024
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