Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger important in many biological processes. cAMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway.
  • 2.4K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lateral Flow Immunoassay
Abundant immunological assays currently exist for detecting pathogens and identifying infected individuals, making detection of diseases at early stages integral to preventing their spread, together with the consequent emergence of global health crises. Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is a test characterized by simplicity, low cost, and quick results. Furthermore, LFIA testing does not need well-trained individuals or laboratory settings.
  • 2.4K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Coccidioidomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley fever, is an endemic fungal infection commonly found in the southwestern parts of the United States. However, the disease has seen an increase in both in its area of residency and its prevalence. This entry compiles some of the latest information on the epidemiology, current and in-development pharmaceutical approaches to treat the disease, trends and projections, diagnostic concerns, and the overlapping dynamics of coccidioidomycosis and COVID-19, including in special populations. This entry provides an overview of the current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and identifies areas of future development.
  • 2.4K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Sectors of the Glass Industry
The glass industry is highly diverse, both in terms of products and production processes, making articles ranging from artistic handmade glass goblets to large flat glass plates for the construction and automotive sectors. 
  • 2.4K
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients with Pulmonary Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a complex and heterogeneous disease, with pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations, which leads to the need to personalize the assessment and treatment of these patients. The latest updates of national and international guidelines for the management of COPD reveal the importance of respiratory rehabilitation (RR) and its role in improving symptoms, quality of life, and psychosocial sphere of patients. Within RR, the inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has received special interest, showing benefits in maximum inspiratory pressure, perception of well-being, and health status in patients with chronic heart disease, respiratory diseases, and dyspnea during exercise. 
  • 2.4K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Selection of OCV–SOC Model for Battery Management Systems
A battery management system (BMS) plays a crucial role to ensure the safety, efficiency, and reliability of a rechargeable Li-ion battery pack. State of charge (SOC) estimation is an important operation within a BMS. Estimated SOC is required in several BMS operations, such as remaining power and mileage estimation, battery capacity estimation, charge termination, and cell balancing. The open circuit voltage (OCV) model needs to be stored within the battery management system for real-time SOC estimation. The selection, storage, and processing of OCV models involve several design constraints.
  • 2.4K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Volatility
In finance, volatility (usually denoted by σ) is the degree of variation of a trading price series over time, usually measured by the standard deviation of logarithmic returns. Historic volatility measures a time series of past market prices. Implied volatility looks forward in time, being derived from the market price of a market-traded derivative (in particular, an option).
  • 2.4K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
2010 Gang Rapes in Cleveland, Texas
The 2010 gang rapes in Cleveland, Texas were a series of acts of sexual violence committed by a group of adult men and teenage boys on an underage girl in the town of Cleveland, in Texas , USA.
  • 2.4K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
In Vitro Regeneration of Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum is a flowering plant grown worldwide and is one of the most popular ornamental plants. Chrysanthemums are usually cultivated using root suckers and shoot cuttings. This conventional technique is relatively slow. In addition, as cuttings are gained regularly from mother plants, there is a chance of viral infection and degeneration, which raises the production cost. The hurdles mentioned above have been managed by applying in vitro propagation techniques, which can enhance reproduction rates through in vitro culture and use very small explants, which are impossible with the conventional approach. Usually, it is difficult to get true-to-type plants as the parents with good quality, but clonal propagation of a designated elite species makes it possible. 
  • 2.4K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pediatric Dosage Forms
The development of pediatric-specific dose forms is particularly difficult due to a variety of factors relating to pediatric population differences from adult populations. The buccal dosage form is considered a good alternative to oral dosage form if the latter cannot be used in pediatric patients. Both oral and buccal dosage formulations uphold great application qualities for pediatric patients.
  • 2.4K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
NLRP3 Inflammasome in Neurodegenerative
Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes in the cytoplasm that regulate inflammation activation in the innate immune system in response to pathogens and to host self-derived molecules. The NLRP3 belongs to the subfamily of NLRP which activates caspase 1, thus causing the production of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β and interleukin 18) and pyroptosis. This inflammasome is involved in multiple neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and gout. 
  • 2.4K
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Fused Deposition Modelling of Polymer Composite
Additive manufacturing (AM) highlights developing complex and efficient parts for various uses. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is the most frequent fabrication procedure used to make polymer products. Although it is widely used, due to its low characteristics, such as weak mechanical properties and poor surface, the types of polymer material that may be produced are limited, affecting the structural applications of FDM. Therefore, the FDM process utilises the polymer composition to produce a better physical product. 
  • 2.4K
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Dyspepsia in Diabetic Patients
Diabetes mellitus is a widespread disease, and represents an important public health burden worldwide. Together with cardiovascular, renal and neurological complications, many patients with diabetes present with gastrointestinal symptoms, which configure the so-called diabetic enteropathy. 
  • 2.4K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Anomalocaridid
The Anomalocaridids comprise a group of very early marine animals known primarily from fossils found in Cambrian deposits in China , United States , Canada , Poland and Australia . They were long thought to be restricted to this Cambrian time range, but the discovery of large Ordovician specimens has extended this somewhat. The later Devonian Schinderhannes shows many anomalocaridid features. Although originally interpreted as an anomalocaridid-like arthropod, some recent studies suggest that it may represent an anomalocaridid: if so it would extend the group's record by some hundred million years: the non-mineralised anomalocaridid structure means they are absent from the intermediate fossil record. Anomalocaridids are the largest Cambrian animals known—some Chinese forms may have reached 2 m (7 ft) in length—and most of them were probably active carnivores.
  • 2.4K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Works of Mercy
Works of mercy (sometimes known as acts of mercy) are practices considered meritorious in Christian ethics. The practice is popular in the Catholic Church as an act of both penance and charity. In addition, the Methodist church teaches that the works of mercy are a means of grace which lead to holiness and aid in sanctification. The works of mercy have been traditionally divided into two categories, each with seven elements: Pope John Paul II issued a papal encyclical "Dives in misericordia" on 30 November 1980 declaring that "Jesus Christ taught that man not only receives and experiences the mercy of God, but that he is also called 'to practice mercy' towards others." Another notable devotion associated with the works of mercy is the Divine Mercy, which derives from apparitions of Jesus Christ to Saint Faustina Kowalska.
  • 2.4K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Imaging of Cultural Heritage
The imaging of cultural heritage is a necessary part of long term preservation of cultural heritage. While the physical conditions of objects will change over time, imaging serves as a way to document and represent heritage in a moment in time of the life of the item. Different methods of imaging produce results that are applicable in various circumstances. Not every method is appropriate for every object, and not every object needs to be imaged by multiple methods. In addition to preservation and conservation related concerns, imaging can also serve to enhance research and study of cultural heritage.
  • 2.4K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Blastula
The blastula (from Greek βλαστός (blastos), meaning "sprout") is a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres, surrounding an inner fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel formed during an early stage of embryonic development in animals. Embryo development begins with a sperm fertilizing an egg to become a zygote which undergoes many cleavages to develop into a ball of cells called a morula. Only when the blastocoel is formed does the early embryo become a blastula. The blastula precedes the formation of the gastrula in which the germ layers of the embryo form. A common feature of a vertebrate blastula is that it consists of a layer of blastomeres, known as the blastoderm, which surrounds the blastocoel. In mammals the blastula is referred to as a blastocyst. The blastocyst contains an embryoblast (or inner cell mass) that will eventually give rise to the definitive structures of the fetus, and the trophoblast, which goes on to form the extra-embryonic tissues. During the blastula stage of development, a significant amount of activity occurs within the early embryo to establish cell polarity, cell specification, axis formation, and to regulate gene expression. In many animals such as Drosophila and Xenopus, the mid blastula transition (MBT) is a crucial step in development during which the maternal mRNA is degraded and control over development is passed to the embryo. Many of the interactions between blastomeres are dependent on cadherin expression, particularly E-cadherin in mammals and EP-cadherin in amphibians. The study of the blastula and of cell specification has many implications in stem cell research and assisted reproductive technology. In Xenopus, blastomeres behave as pluripotent stem cells which can migrate down several pathways, depending on cell signaling. By manipulating the cell signals during the blastula stage of development, various tissues can be formed. This potential can be instrumental in regenerative medicine for disease and injury cases. In vitro fertilisation involves implantation of a blastula into a mother's uterus. Blastula cell implantation could serve to eliminate infertility.
  • 2.4K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Compounds of Sappan Wood
Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan) is a tropical hardwood tree found in Southeast Asia. Sappan wood contains a water-soluble compound, which imparts a red color named brazilin. Sappan wood is utilized to produce dye for fabric and coloring agents for food and beverages, such as wine and meat. As a valuable medicinal plant, the tree is also known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. It has been observed that sappan wood contains various bioactive compounds, including brazilin, brazilein, sappan chalcone, and protosappanin A. It has also been discovered that these substances have various health advantages; they lower inflammation, enhance blood circulation, and are anti-oxidative in nature. Sappan wood has been used as a medicine to address a range of illnesses, such as gastrointestinal problems, respiratory infections, and skin conditions. Studies have also suggested that sappan wood may have anticarcinogenic potential as it possesses cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. 
  • 2.4K
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Rural Education
AI has immense potential in transforming rural education - bringing solutions to long-standing problems under resource constraints, insufficient teaching, or other forms of educational inequality. Delivering AI-based technologies to limited frameworks in educational systems can be particularly effective in providing tailored learning experiences, virtual classrooms with access to quality education, and using NLP to break language barriers. This integration could greatly contribute to an equitable educational environment in which rural students have opportunities similar to those in the cities for their peers. Despite these benefits, there are a number of challenges to the widespread implementation of artificial intelligence in rural education: poor infrastructure, higher cost of implementation, and lack of instructor training. Besides, the ethical implication on privacy, information security, and prejudices issues in artificial intelligence needs to be handled sensibly to promote equity and inclusivity. Overcoming these is mostly the collaborative effort between governmental institutions, academic institutions, and developers of the technology coupled with financial input towards infrastructure and educating the educators. The present paper discusses the role that artificial intelligence can play in bridging the gap between urban and rural education, highlights its potential applicability, and discusses the challenges that should be overcome to implement it efficiently. Finally, recommendations are made for further policy development and the enhancement of AI projects in rural education to make the education of all learners more equal and effective.
  • 2.4K
  • 24 Apr 2025
Topic Review
Persea americana
Persea americana, commonly known as avocado, has recently gained substantial popularity and is often marketed as a “superfood” because of its unique nutritional composition, antioxidant content, and biochemical profile. However, the term “superfood” can be vague and misleading, as it is often associated with unrealistic health claims. This article provides a comprehensive summary and assessment of the studies performed in the literature to understand the nutritional and therapeutic properties of avocado and its bioactive compounds. 
  • 2.4K
  • 13 Aug 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 2799
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback