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Topic Review
TERT Gene in Polyploid Plants
The gene coding for the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is essential for the maintenance of telomeres. Previously we described the presence of three TERT paralogs in the allotetraploid plant Nicotiana tabacum, while a single TERT copy was identified in the paleopolyploid model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we examine the presence, origin and functional status of TERT variants in allotetraploid Nicotiana species of diverse evolutionary ages and their parental genome donors, as well as in other diploid and polyploid plant species. A combination of experimental and in silico bottom-up analyses of TERT gene copies in Nicotiana polyploids revealed various patterns of retention or loss of parental TERT variants and divergence in their functions. RT–qPCR results confirmed the expression of all the identified TERT variants. In representative plant and green algal genomes, our synteny analyses show that their TERT genes were located in a conserved locus that became advantageous after the divergence of eudicots, and the gene was later translocated in several plant groups. In various diploid and polyploid species, translocation of TERT became fixed in target loci that show ancient synapomorphy.
  • 895
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Proton Pinballs in Plant Growth
Novel molecular pinball machines of the plasma membrane control cytosolic Ca2+ levels that regulate plant metabolism. The essential components involve: 1. an auxin-activated proton pump; 2. arabinogalactan glycoproteins (AGPs); 3. Ca2+ channels; 4. auxin-efflux “PIN” proteins. Typical pinball machines release pinballs that trigger various sound and visual effects. However, in plants, “proton pinballs” eject Ca2+ bound by paired glucuronic acid residues of numerous glycomodules in periplasmic AGP-Ca2+. Freed Ca2+ ions flow down the electrostatic gradient through open Ca2+ channels into the cytosol, thus activating numerous Ca2+-dependent activities. 
  • 894
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Phytic Acid and Transporters
Phytic acid has two main roles in plant tissues: storage of phosphorus and regulation of different cellular processes. From a nutritional point of view, it is considered an antinutritional compound because, being a cation chelator, its presence reduces mineral bioavailability from the diet. In recent decades, the development of low phytic acid (lpa) mutants has been an important goal for nutritional seed quality improvement, mainly in cereals and legumes. Different lpa mutations affect phytic acid biosynthetic genes. However, other lpa mutations isolated so far, affect genes coding for three classes of transporters: a specific group of ABCC type vacuolar transporters, putative sulfate transporters, and phosphate transporters. 
  • 893
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review Video
Dipteryx oleifera Benth
Dipteryx oleifera Benth., a member of the Fabaceae family, is an emergent, evergreen tree found primarily in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America. Known for its ecological importance, D. oleifera plays a vital role in the stability and biodiversity of its native forests. The tree produces large seeds that serve as a primary food source for various animal species, contributing to its role as a keystone species.
  • 892
  • 17 Apr 2025
Topic Review
Pandanus amaryllifolius in Response to Drought Stress
Drought is one of the significant threats to the agricultural sector. However, there is limited knowledge on plant response to drought stress and post-drought recovery. Pandanus amaryllifolius, a moderate drought-tolerant plant, is well-known for its ability to survive in low-level soil moisture conditions. Understanding the molecular regulation of drought stress signaling in this plant could help guide the rational design of crop plants to counter this environmental challenge. 
  • 891
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Role of Ethylene in Plant Developmental Processes
Ethylene, a gaseous phytohormone, is emerging as a central player in the intricate web of plant developmental processes from germination to senescence under optimal and stressed conditions. The presence of ethylene has been noted in different plant parts, including the stems, leaves, flowers, roots, seeds, and fruits.
  • 891
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs and Plant Antiviral-Defense
RNA technologies provide us not only with new sources of resistance but also with powerful tools to manage plant defense responses. With regards to antiviral resistance, RNAi-based approaches have long been used in the form of transgene-induced RNA silencing to target the degradation of diverse viral RNAs or to inactivate virus susceptibility genes in various crops.
  • 887
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Nanoimpact in Plants
Transcriptomics studies are available to evaluate the potential toxicity of nanomaterials in plants, and many highlight their effect on stress-responsive genes. However, a comparative analysis of overall expression changes suggests a low impact on the transcriptome. Environmental challenges like pathogens, saline, or drought stress induce stronger transcriptional responses than nanoparticles. Clearly, plants did not have the chance to evolve specific gene regulation in response to novel nanomaterials; but they use common regulatory circuits with other stress responses. 
  • 887
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Phytotoxic Metabolites from Necrotrophic Pathogenic Fungi
Fungal phytotoxins can be defined as secondary metabolites toxic to host plants and are believed to be involved in the symptoms developed of a number of plant diseases by targeting host cellular machineries or interfering with host immune responses. As any crop, legumes can be affected by a number of fungal diseases, causing severe yield losses worldwide. 
  • 886
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Winter Oilseed Rape's Meal Quality
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) meal is an important source of protein, but the presence of anti-nutritional compounds, such as fibre and glucosinolates, still limits its use as a livestock feed. Understanding the genetic basis of seed fibre biosynthesis would help to manipulate its content in seeds of oilseed rape. Here, we applied high-resolution skim genotyping by sequencing (SkimGBS) and characterised 187,835 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers across a mapping population subsequently used for a genetic mapping study (R/qtl). 
  • 885
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Phytochrome-Interacting Proteins
Phytochromes are photoreceptors of plants, fungi, slime molds bacteria and heterokonts. These biliproteins sense red and far-red light and undergo light-induced changes between the two spectral forms, Pr and Pfr. Photoconversion triggered by light induces conformational changes in the bilin chromophore around the ring C-D-connecting methine bridge and is followed by conformational changes in the protein. For plant phytochromes, multiple phytochrome interacting proteins that mediate signal transduction, nuclear translocation or protein degradation have been identified. Few interacting proteins are known as bacterial or fungal phytochromes.
  • 883
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Grapevine Transcriptomic Responses
Biocontrol of a pioneer fungus of esca, a frequent grapevine trunk disease, was investigated by deciphering the tripartite interaction between this trunk-esca pathogen (Phaeomoniella chlamydospora), grapevine and the biocontrol-oomycete, Pythium oligandrum. Grapevine-defense was enhanced in response to P. chlamydospora attacks, with P. oligandrum acting as a plant-systemic resistance inducer, promoting jasmonic/ethylene signaling pathways and grapevine priming. P. chlamydospora pathogenicity genes, such as those related to secondary metabolite biosynthesis, carbohydrate-active enzymes and transcription regulators, were also affected in their expression. Shifts in grapevine responses and key-fungal functions were associated with the reduction of P. chlamydospora wood necroses. This study provides evidence of grapevine-wood fungal pathogen transcriptional changes induced by a root biocontrol agent, P. oligandrum, in which there is no contact between the two microorganisms.
  • 882
  • 29 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Autophagy in the Lifetime of Plants
Autophagy is a highly conserved self-degradation mechanism in eukaryotes. Excess or harmful intracellular content can be encapsulated by double-membrane autophagic vacuoles and transferred to vacuoles for degradation in plants. Current research shows three types of autophagy in plants, with macroautophagy being the most important autophagic degradation pathway. More than 40 autophagy-related (ATG) proteins have been identified in plants that are involved in macroautophagy, and these proteins play an important role in plant growth regulation and stress responses.
  • 880
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Direct Mechanism of Plant Stimulation by Plant-Growth-Promoting Microorganisms
Sustainable agricultural systems based on the application of phyto-friendly bacteria and fungi are increasingly needed to preserve soil fertility and microbial biodiversity, as well as to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The different mechanisms of action triggered by plant-growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) promote host-plant growth and improve its defense system.
  • 879
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Lamiaceae Species in Diabetes
Diabetes is one of the most dangerous metabolic disorders, with high rates of mortality worldwide. Since ancient times, medicinal plants have been used in traditional medicine to treat many diseases, including diabetes and its related complications. Plants are widely accepted, affordable, and perceived to have minimal adverse side effects. The Lamiaceae family is a potential source of therapeutic agents for the management of metabolic disorders, including diabetes. 
  • 878
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Relationship between Polysaccharides Structures and Their Bioactivities
Brown macroalgae polysaccharides are known for their several potential therapeutic properties; in fact, they are used as an ingredient or component in a wide range of industries, including pharmaceutical, medical, food, and cosmetics. The most promising activities are in the field of medicine due to their antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic actions.
  • 878
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Tomato Interspecific NB-LRR Gene Arsenal
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a model system for studying the molecular basis of resistance in plants. The investigation of evolutionary dynamics of tomato resistance (R)-loci provides unique opportunities for identifying factors that promote or constrain genome evolution. Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) receptors belong to one of the most plastic and diversified families. The vast amount of genomic data available for Solanaceae and wild tomato relatives provides unprecedented insights into the patterns and mechanisms of evolution of NB-LRR genes. Comparative analysis remarked a reshuffling of R-islands on chromosomes and a high degree of adaptive diversification in key R-loci induced by species-specific pathogen pressure.
  • 877
  • 06 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy-Mediated Regulation of Different Meristems in Plants
Autophagy is a highly conserved cell degradation process that widely exists in eukaryotic cells. In plants, autophagy helps maintain cellular homeostasis by degrading and recovering intracellular substances through strict regulatory pathways, thus helping plants respond to a variety of developmental and environmental signals. Autophagy is involved in plant growth and development, including leaf starch degradation, senescence, anthers development, regulation of lipid metabolism, and maintenance of peroxisome mass.
  • 877
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Phosphorous Bio-Economy
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient, playing a role in developmental and metabolic processes in plants including energy supply (ATP), gene expression (nucleotides), and signaling (protein phosphorylation).
  • 876
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ventilation Systems in Wetland Plant Species
Ventilation systems rely on a passive molecular diffusion process, on pressurized gas flow, or Venturi-induced convection. 
  • 876
  • 06 Jul 2022
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