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Topic Review
Probiotics and Probiotic-like Agents against Chemotherapy-Induced Intestinal Mucositis
Cancer chemotherapy has allowed many patients to survive, but not without risks derived from its adverse effects. Drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, oxaliplatin, methotrexate, and others, as well as different drug combinations trigger intestinal mucositis that may cause or contribute to anorexia, pain, diarrhea, weight loss, systemic infections, and even death. Dysbiosis is a hallmark of chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis and diarrhea, and, therefore, strategies aimed at modulating intestinal microbiota may be useful to counteract and prevent those dreadful effects.
  • 590
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Histological Aspects on Endochondral Ossification
Bone is a mineralized tissue composed of calcium phosphates and organic materials such as collagen and proteoglycans. There are two phases of bone mineralization: primary and secondary. Primary mineralization is achieved by osteoblasts. Osteoblasts also produce a large amount of matrix vesicles, which mineralize in nodules (globular assemblies of hydroxyapatite crystals) and then extend into the collagen fibrils secreted by the osteoblasts. In contrast to primary mineralization, secondary mineralization is the process whereby the mineral density of bone increases after primary mineralization. It is postulated that secondary mineralization is regulated through physical crystal maturation, and by the cellular activities of osteocytes embedded in the bone matrix.
  • 579
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Modeling Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneities of Cholera Dynamics
Cholera remains a significant public health burden in many countries and regions of the world, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms associated with its transmission, spread, and control. Mathematical modeling offers a valuable research tool to investigate cholera dynamics and explore effective intervention strategies. In particular, many modeling studies have been devoted to the spatial and temporal heterogeneities of cholera dynamics.
  • 576
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Secretory Structures in Five Alismataceae Species
Alismataceae is a family consisting of floating to emergent aquatic or marsh herbs with a worldwide distribution. Limnocharitaceae was merged with Alismataceae to form one family comprising 17 genera and ca. 100 species.
  • 570
  • 22 Dec 2021
Biography
Jean Cruveilhier
J. Cruveilhier was born on 9 February 1791 in Limoges, France [1]. For two centuries, the members of the Cruveilhier family were born and buried in Limoges. His grandfather Joseph (1726–1762) was a master surgeon and his father Léonard (1760–1836) was an important military surgeon, an attending surgeon at l’Hôpital Saint-Alexis in Limoges, and also a revolutionary Jacobin fanatic [2]. Hi
  • 548
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Camelina sativa as an Allelopathic Potential Cover Crop
Camelina sativa, known for its high oil content and adaptability to diverse climatic conditions, exhibits allelopathic potential by releasing chemical compounds that inhibit weed growth. The crop’s vigorous growth and canopy architecture contribute to effective weed suppression, reducing the prevalence and spread of associated pathogens. Furthermore, the chemical compounds released by camelina through the solubilization of compounds from leaves by rain, root exudation, or deriving from microbial-mediated decay of camelina’s tissues interfere with the growth of neighbouring plants, indicating allelopathic interactions. The isolation and identification of benzylamine and glucosinolates as allelochemicals in camelina highlight their role in plant–plant interactions. 
  • 537
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Methodology and Neuromarkers for Cetaceans’ Brains
Cetacean brain sampling may be an arduous task due to the difficulty of collecting and histologically preparing such rare and large specimens. Thus, one of the main challenges of working with cetaceans’ brains is to establish a valid methodology for an optimal manipulation and fixation of the brain tissue, which allows the samples to be viable for neuroanatomical and neuropathological studies.
  • 527
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Neuroimaging-Based Assessments of OXPHOS-Related Complexes and Metabolites
In post-mortem studies, a significant dysregulation of electron transport chain (ETC) complexes was observed in patients with neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). These findings strongly implicate that mitochondrial dysfunction-linked alterations in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) can be considered a highly relevant molecular mechanism in different NDs. Histopathological examinations revealed decreased complex I level, preferentially in the substantia nigra (SN), in patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease (PD). These findings are consistent with the fact that inhibitors of complex I (such as the environmental toxins MPTP or rotenone) can cause parkinsonism in animal models and humans. Huntington’s disease (HD) has been associated with defects of complex II and, to a lesser extent, complex IV. The chronic administration of the complex II inhibitor 3-nitropropionic acid causes an HD-like phenotype in rodent and non-human primate models. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), widespread cortical complex IV defects were identified in post-mortem brain tissue. The in vivo neuroimaging-based assessment of electron transport chain (ETC)-related metabolite levels could thus help elucidate the complex role of OXPHOS disturbances in NDs.
  • 522
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Role of Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in Cardiovascular Diseases
Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a biochemical process in cells that can drive proteins, RNA, and other molecules to concentrate into droplets. These droplets do not have a lipid membrane but rather exist as distinct organelles relative to the surrounding environment, and act as biochemical reaction chambers. Significant progress has been made in the study of LLPS, especially in the neurodegenerative disease, cancer, and virology fields, but little is known about LLPS in cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  • 519
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hypothalamic Suprachiasmatic Nuclei
24-h rhythms in physiology and behaviour are organized by a body-wide network of endogenous circadian clocks. In mammals, a central pacemaker in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) integrates external light information to adapt cellular clocks in all tissues and organs to the external light-dark cycle.
  • 497
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Commonly Used Nanoparticles in Cancer Diagnosis
The application of nanoparticles in clinical diagnostics is called nanodiagnostics. Nanotechnology has developed to improve clinical diagnostics due to its increased sensitivity and capability for early cancer detection. There are several kinds of nanomaterials used in cancer diagnosis such as quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and dendrimers. To enhance the cancer detection capabilities of nanoparticles, they can be conjugated with aptamers, carbohydrates, antibodies, peptides, and other small molecules that specifically target molecules to reach the intended site. Studies have been conducted that used gold nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis. The use of Au-doped nanoparticles showed extraordinarily high luminescence intensity. Additionally, fluorescence has been utilized to detect the cancer biomarker CEA through color visualization.
  • 491
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Intravitreal Space of the Eye
The intravitreal space comprises the majority of the eye’s volume and is located behind the lens of the eye. The vitreous chamber of the eye is mostly filled with a gel-like solution called the vitreous body. The vitreous body is 98.5–99.7% water containing salt soluble proteins and hyaluronic acid.
  • 480
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Disorders Involving ICCs and the ENS
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is organized into two plexuses—submucosal and myenteric—which regulate smooth muscle contraction, secretion, and blood flow along the gastrointestinal tract under the influence of the rest of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are mainly located in the submucosa between the two muscle layers and at the intramuscular level. They communicate with neurons of the enteric nerve plexuses and smooth muscle fibers and generate slow waves that contribute to the control of gastrointestinal motility. They are also involved in enteric neurotransmission and exhibit mechanoreceptor activity. A close relationship appears to exist between oxidative stress and gastrointestinal diseases, in which ICCs can play a prominent role. Thus, gastrointestinal motility disorders in patients with neurological diseases may have a common ENS and central nervous system (CNS) nexus. In fact, the deleterious effects of free radicals could affect the fine interactions between ICCs and the ENS, as well as between the ENS and the CNS.
  • 477
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Telocytes in the Rainbow Trout Intestinal Stem-Cell Niche
Histological and ultrastructural studies revealed peculiar mesenchymal cells adjacent to the epithelium that generated an intricate mesh spanning from the folds’ base to their apex. Their voluminous nuclei, limited cytoplasm and long cytoplasmic projections characterized them as telocytes (TCs). 
  • 466
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Seaweeds in Human Diet
Seaweeds have been harvested and used as food since ancient times in Asian countries, such as Korea, China, and especially Japan. There are over 600 recognized edible seaweed species and around 200 are consumed worldwide.
  • 451
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Woody Ornamental Plants in Mediterranean Climate
The native flora of different Mediterranean countries, often woody species, was widely recognized for its ornamental potential. The shrubs, in particular, are a typology of plants very widespread in the Mediterranean environment and constituent the ‘Macchia’, the typical vegetation of this ecosystem. These plant species could be used to improve the ornamental value of urban and peri-urban green areas. Since urban areas can suffer from low-quality soil and limited resources, the selection of plants must be carefully considered. The most commonly used plants should have adequate tolerance to abiotic stress.
  • 448
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Na+/H+ Exchangers in Cardiac Physiology Regulation
The Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) are membrane transporters that exchange one intracellular pro-ton for one extracellular Na+. The first discovered NHE isoform, NHE1, is expressed almost ubiquitously in all tissues, especially in the myocardium. During myocardial ische-mia-reperfusion, NHE1 catalyzes increased uptake of intracellular Na+, which in turn leads to Ca2+ overload and subsequently myocardial injury. Numerous preclinical research has shown that NHE1 is involved in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, but the exact molecular mecha-nisms remain elusive.
  • 445
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Sedentary Lifestyle and Masticatory Dysfunction
Unhealthy brain aging and cognitive decline associate with a sedentary lifestyle and, at a cellular level, this is accompanied by astrocyte hypertrophy, myelin dysregulation, neurovascular dysfunction and the impairment of neurogenesis.
  • 437
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Drugs Targeting Cancer Cells with Splicing Factor Mutations
Splicing factors are frequently mutated in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). These mutations are presumed to contribute to oncogenic transformation, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. While no specific treatment option is available for MDS/AML patients with spliceosome mutations, novel targeting strategies are actively explored, leading to clinical trials of small molecule inhibitors that target the spliceosome, DNA damage response pathway, and immune response pathway. 
  • 437
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Olfactory Bulb in Companion Animals
The Olfactory Bulb is a component of the Olfactory System, in which it plays an essential role as an interface between the peripheral components and the cerebral cortex responsible for olfactory interpretation and discrimination. It is in this element that the first selective integration of olfactory stimuli occurs through a complex cell interaction that forwards the received olfactory information to higher cortical centers. 
  • 434
  • 16 May 2023
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