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Topic Review
Identification of New Psychoactive Substances
New (or novel) psychoactive substances (NPS) or “designer drugs”, substances that are not controlled by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs or the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, pose public health threats. NPS are widely available on the web, through local head shops, on streets and in schools. Many chemical and nucleic acid based methods can be used to detect and identify these substances.
  • 2.6K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Bio-Organic Mineral Fertilizer
This entry discusses about Bio-Organic Mineral Fertilizer  for Sustainable Agriculture.
  • 2.6K
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Docker
Docker is a set of platform as a service (PaaS) products that use OS-level virtualization to deliver software in packages called containers. The service has both free and premium tiers. The software that hosts the containers is called Docker Engine. It was first started in 2013 and is developed by Docker, Inc.
  • 2.6K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Biography
Marco Visconti
Marco Visconti (born 4 June 1978) is an Italian occultist and musician.[1] He is known for his work with the musical group XP8[2] and Faderhead.[3] Under the name Azrael[4] Visconti is an past officer[5] of the Thelemic organisation Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.) in London,[6] and scholar of the occult works of English author Aleister Crowley, the founder of the philosophy and religion of Thelema
  • 2.6K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Torque Ripple Reduction Design Methods
There are some phenomena that affect electric vehicle performance. One of those phenomena is the torque ripple of electric motors, which interferes with traction and the suspension system (causing vibration that stresses this system), and it can also introduce electric current harmonics into the battery, reducing its life, since torque ripple is partly a consequence of non-sinusoidal back EMF. For those reasons this is a topic worth investigating. The torque ripple of permanent magnets (PM) motors can be reduced in design or through control.
  • 2.6K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Neurological Effects of Kratom
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil) has been considered a narcotic drug for years, barred by the law in many parts of the world, while extensive research over the past few decades proves its several beneficial effects, some of which are still in ambiguity. In many countries, including Thailand, the indiscriminate use and abuse of kratom have led to the loss of life. Nonetheless, researchers have isolated almost fifty pure compounds from kratom, most of which are alkaloids. The most prevalent compounds, mitragynine and 7-hydroxy mitragynine, are reported to display agonist morphine-like effects on human μ-opioid receptors and antagonists at κ- and δ-opioid receptors with multimodal effects at other central receptors.
  • 2.6K
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Fungal Pellets Towards Heavy Metals
The biosorption on fungal pellets is getting attention as an attractive water remediation technique, as it offers an enhanced biomass separation and a high resilience in severe environmental conditions. In this entry, biosorption capacity of fungal pellets towards heavy metals was reviewed. Available data about the adsorption capacity of pellets, their removal efficiency, and the operational conditions used were collected and synthesized. It was found that the biosorption of complex mixtures of pollutants on fungal pellets is scarcely studied, as well as the interfering effect of anions commonly found in water and wastewater. Furthermore, there is a lack of research with real wastewater and at pilot and large scale. These topics need to be further explored to take full advantage of fungal pellets on improving the quality of aquatic systems.
  • 2.6K
  • 04 May 2021
Biography
Jeffrey Satinover
Jeffrey Burke Satinover (September 4, 1947) is an American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, and physicist. He is known for books on a number of controversial topics in physics and neuroscience, and on religion, but especially for his writing and public-policy efforts relating to homosexuality, same-sex marriage and the ex-gay movement. Satinover was born in Chicago, Illinois, on September 4, 1947
  • 2.6K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a green building certification program used worldwide. Developed by the non-profit U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), it includes a set of rating systems for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings, homes, and neighborhoods, which aims to help building owners and operators be environmentally responsible and use resources efficiently. By 2015, there were over 80,000 LEED-certified buildings and over 100,000 LEED-accredited professionals. Most LEED-certified buildings are located in major U.S. metropolises. LEED Canada has developed a separate rating system for the regulations and climate of that country. Some U.S. federal agencies, state and local governments require or reward LEED certification. This can include tax credits, zoning allowances, reduced fees, and expedited permitting. Studies have found that for-rent LEED office spaces generally have higher rents and occupancy rates and lower capitalization rates. LEED is a design tool rather than a performance-measurement tool and focuses on energy modeling rather than actual energy consumption. It lacks climate specificity, and has been criticized for a point system that can encourage inappropriate design choices and make energy conservation the weakest part of the evaluation. It has also been criticized for the phenomenon of "LEED brain" in which the public relations value of LEED certification drives the development of buildings.
  • 2.6K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Magnesia as Alternative Binder
Magnesia, or Magnesium oxide (MgO),  is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium. It has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mg2+ ions and O2− ions held together by ionic bonding. Magnesia is mainly produced by the calcination of magnesium carbonate. Calcining at different temperatures produces magnesia of different reactivity. The use of reactive MgO as binder in cementitious materials has its advantages and disadvantages.
  • 2.6K
  • 11 Nov 2020
Topic Review
The Marine Actinomycetes
The phylum Actinomycetota (Actinobacteria) is one of the main branches or lineages of bacteria gifted with antibiotic producing capabilities. Marine actinomycetes are emerging as a promising candidate for bioactive metabolites, encompassing very complex compounds with pharmacological activities. Genomic insights of marine actinomycetes further revealed their immense biosynthetic potential. Cultivation and fermentation of marine actinomycetes requires expertise on their physiological characteristics and optimum growth conditions or requirements. 
  • 2.6K
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act
The Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act (CISA S. 2588 [113th Congress], S. 754 [114th Congress]) is a United States federal law designed to "improve cybersecurity in the United States through enhanced sharing of information about cybersecurity threats, and for other purposes". The law allows the sharing of Internet traffic information between the U.S. government and technology and manufacturing companies. The bill was introduced in the U.S. Senate on July 10, 2014, and passed in the Senate October 27, 2015. Opponents question CISA's value, believing it will move responsibility from private businesses to the government, thereby increasing vulnerability of personal private information, as well as dispersing personal private information across seven government agencies, including the NSA and local police. The text of the bill was incorporated by amendment into a consolidated spending bill in the U.S. House on December 15, 2015, which was signed into law by President Barack Obama on December 18, 2015.
  • 2.6K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hyperbolic Function
In mathematics, hyperbolic functions are analogs of the ordinary trigonometric functions defined for the hyperbola rather than on the circle: just as the points (cos t, sin t) form a circle with a unit radius, the points (cosh t, sinh t) form the right half of the equilateral hyperbola. Hyperbolic functions occur in the solutions of many linear differential equations (for example, the equation defining a catenary), of some cubic equations, in calculations of angles and distances in hyperbolic geometry, and of Laplace's equation in Cartesian coordinates. Laplace's equations are important in many areas of physics, including electromagnetic theory, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and special relativity. The basic hyperbolic functions are: from which are derived: corresponding to the derived trigonometric functions. The inverse hyperbolic functions are: The hyperbolic functions take a real argument called a hyperbolic angle. The size of a hyperbolic angle is twice the area of its hyperbolic sector. The hyperbolic functions may be defined in terms of the legs of a right triangle covering this sector. In complex analysis, the hyperbolic functions arise as the imaginary parts of sine and cosine. The hyperbolic sine and the hyperbolic cosine are entire functions. As a result, the other hyperbolic functions are meromorphic in the whole complex plane. By Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem, the hyperbolic functions have a transcendental value for every non-zero algebraic value of the argument. Hyperbolic functions were introduced in the 1760s independently by Vincenzo Riccati and Johann Heinrich Lambert. Riccati used Sc. and Cc. (sinus/cosinus circulare) to refer to circular functions and Sh. and Ch. (sinus/cosinus hyperbolico) to refer to hyperbolic functions. Lambert adopted the names but altered the abbreviations to what they are today. The abbreviations sh, ch, th, cth are also at disposition, their use depending more on personal preference of mathematics of influence than on the local language.
  • 2.6K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
President
The president is a common title for the head of state in most republics. In politics, president is a title given to leaders of republican states. The functions exercised by a president vary according to the form of government. In parliamentary republics, they are limited to those of the head of state, and are thus largely ceremonial. In presidential and semi-presidential republics, the role of the president is more prominent, encompassing also (in most cases) the functions of the head of government. In authoritarian regimes, a dictator or leader of a one-party state may also be called a president.
  • 2.6K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Latina Stereotypes in Hip Hop
Beginning in the 1960s, hip hop music was centered around the ideas of cultural discourse in urban communities where Latinos and African Americans resided. Through this music, the lyrics quickly became misogynistic and violent in response to the way that these marginalized cultures viewed by mainstream society. Much of hip hop's beginnings can be traced back to the Bronx, New York, where the population consisted of mainly African-Americans and Latinos. During the 1960s and 1970s, New York City was in an economic slump. The conditions in the Bronx and other low income areas were substandard; issues facing the community included: insufficient housing, gang violence, and drugs. Blacks and Latinos came together to speak on their struggles, experiences, and lifestyles through hip hop. After recognizing these trends in hip hop/rap lyrics, mainstream media accredited hip hop culture with being inherently misogynistic. Due to the historic marginalization of Latinos and African Americans, the blame can be easily placed on hip hop artists for perpetuating this violent and masochistic culture. This is not something that is/was taken lightly by these communities of color; more rebellion through hip hop emerged. However, this movement did not attempt to fix the misogynistic elements of the music, and in turn, more women were being viewed as sexual objects within artist's works. Latinos, particularly Puerto Ricans, were at the forefront of the hip hop movement, however; they have often been forgotten in conversation. Nonetheless, we can see the presence and influence of Latinos in hip hop when we think about artist like: Africa Bambaataa & the members of the Zulu Nation (1960s), Latino DJ, DJ Disco Wiz (aka first Latino DJ in hip hop) & DJ Grandmaster Caz came together to form the Mighty Force (1974), DJ Charlie Chase of the Cold Crush Brothers (1975), Lee Quiñones & Lady Pink (1970s), and various others have allowed for Latinos to have a part in hip hop culture and hip hop history. Latina's also had a huge role in hip hop, women who were not on the hip hop stage take part in: the influence and making of music and hip hop performance, dancing of music, and graffiti art. Today we see Latinas like: La Caballota aka Ivy Queen (1995), Ana Bijoux (1995), Angie Martinez: "The Voice of New York" (1996), Hurricane G aka Gloria Rodriguez (1997), Mala Rodríguez (1990s), Lisa M: "The Queen of Spanish Rap" (1988), Nina Dioz (2009), Snow Tha Product aka Claudia Feliciano (2011), Mélony Redondo: MelyMel (2018) have been women who have all taken the stage and made their mark as Latina and Afro-Latina rappers/artist in the hip hop world.
  • 2.6K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Biosynthetic Pathway of Heme b
Hemes belong to a small subgroup of the tetrapyrrole family, which is characterized by the combination of a ferrous ion and a porphyrin macrocycle. The ‘true’ hemes possess a fully oxidized porphyrin macrocycle, including heme a, heme b, heme c, and heme o. Hemes are an important class of prosthetic molecules that play roles in a number of biological processes. The most widespread and ubiquitous is heme b, which plays an important role in transporting oxygen as part of hemoglobin. In addition, heme b is a cofactor for many enzymes, such as myoglobin, cytochrome P450, and peroxidases, and plays significant roles in catalysis, transcription, signaling, and electron transfer. 
  • 2.6K
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Covariance Projection Filter
Consider n data sources with their data represented, respectively, by N1, N2,...,Nn dimensional vectors, such that   . The covariance projection framework of data fusion, or, shortly, the covariance projection filter (CPF), is based on projecting the joint probability distribution of those N0 variables from n data sources onto the constraint manifold formed in the N0 dimensional space, referred to here as the extended space, based on the constraints present among the N variables. Then, the covariance projection framework of data fusion represents the projected probability distribution on the constraint manifold as the result of data fusion. For instance, in CPF, the fused data can be chosen as the point on the constraint manifold that bears the maximum probability, while the uncertainty associated with the resulting fused data can be defined as the probability distribution around the chosen point on the constraint manifold. The covariance projection framework of data fusion was initially conceived by Sukhan Lee and further elaborated into a more formal mathematical discipline by Sukhan Lee and Muhammad Abu Bakr. It turns out that CPF is equivalent to other well-known data fusion methods such as Kalman filter, Bar Shalom Campo and generalized Millman’s formula for linear systems with known Gaussian noise either uncorrelated or correlated. However, CPF provides a general framework of data fusion that allows incorporation of any system constraints as well as detection of data inconsistency directly into data fusion, besides opening a new possibility of handling non-linear systems with non-Gaussian noise. In what follows, the mathematical formula of CPF developed, in particular, for a linear Gaussian system with linear constraint is introduced.
  • 2.6K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Advanced Energy Management System of Campus Microgrids
Distributed generation connected with AC, DC, or hybrid loads and energy storage systems is known as a microgrid. Campus microgrids are an important load type. A university campus microgrids, usually, contains distributed generation resources, energy storage, and electric vehicles. 
  • 2.6K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Rigid-Hulled Inflatable Boat
A rigid-hulled inflatable boat (RHIB) or rigid-inflatable boat (RIB) is a lightweight but high-performance and high-capacity boat constructed with a solid, shaped hull and flexible tubes at the gunwale. The design is stable and seaworthy. The inflatable collar allows the vessel to maintain buoyancy if a large quantity of water is shipped aboard due to bad sea conditions. The RIB is a development of the inflatable boat. Uses include work boats (supporting shore facilities or larger ships) in trades that operate on the water, military craft, where they are used in patrol roles and to transport troops between vessels or ashore, and lifeboats.
  • 2.6K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Currency War of 2009–11
The Currency War of 2009–2011 was an episode of competitive devaluation which became prominent in the financial press in September 2010. Competitive devaluation involves states competing with each other to achieve a relatively low valuation for their own currency, so as to assist their domestic industry. With the financial crises of 2008 the export sectors of many emerging economies have experienced declining orders, and from 2009 several states began or increased their levels of intervention to push down their currencies. Both private sector analysts and politicians including Tim Geithner have suggested the phrase currency war overstates the extent of hostility, but the term has been widely used by the media since Brazil's finance ministers Guido Mantega September 2010 announcement that a "currency war" had broken out. Other commentators including world statesmen such as Manmohan Singh and Guido Mantega suggested a currency war was indeed underway and that the leading participants are China and the US, though since 2009 many other states have been taking measures to either devalue or at least check the appreciation of their currencies. The US does not acknowledge that it is practicing competitive devaluation and its official policy is to let the dollar float freely. While the US has taken no direct action to devalue its currency, there is close to universal consensus among analysts that its quantitative easing programmes exert downwards pressure on the dollar. According to many analysts the currency war had largely fizzled out by mid-2011, though others including Mantega disagreed. As of March 2012, outbreaks of rhetoric were still occurring, with additional measures being adopted by countries like Brazil to control the appreciation of their currency. Yet by June, there were signs that currency misalignment had been levelling out in China and across the world, with even Mantega relaxing some of Brazils anti-appreciation controls. Alarms were raised concerning a possible second 21st currency war in January 2013, this time with the most apparent tension being between Japan and the Euro-zone.
  • 2.6K
  • 01 Dec 2022
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