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Topic Review
In Vivo Intradiscal Pressure between Sitting and Standing
Non-specific low back pain (LBP) is highly prevalent today. Disc degeneration could be one of the causes of non-specific LBP, and increased intradiscal pressure (IDP) can potentially induce disc degeneration. Sitting causes higher loads on the lumbar spine than standing in the normal discs, but recent studies do not support this conclusion. Furthermore, the degenerated discs showed no difference in IDP in both postures.
  • 2.6K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Using Business Excellence Models to Achieve Corporate Sustainability
Sustainability is defined as the assurance that human needs are satisfied today without harming the ability to fulfill the needs of a future generation. In a similar vein, corporate sustainability can be defined as “the ability of firms to address the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs". The concept of sustainability includes three pillars: social, economic and environmental. Business Excellence Models (BEMs) are models used all over the world as a means of achieving and sustaining outstanding levels of organizational performance by improving the quality and management of their operations, and have been regarded to promote sustainable development.
  • 2.6K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Types of Microneedle Arrays
Microneedle (MN) arrays are minimally-invasive devices that can penetrate the stratum corneum, one of the most important barriers for topically-applied drugs, thus creating a pathway for drug permeation to the dermal tissue below. MN arrays can be characterized as: (1) solid, (2) coated, (3) hollow and (4) dissolvable. They can be further categorized based on their mode of drug delivery, and the materials used for their manufacture. 
  • 2.6K
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Agro-Based Polymers Food Packaging
This entry compiles information on biopolymers and natural bioactive compounds used in the production of bioactive films. Particular emphasis has been given to the methods used for incorporating bioactive compounds into film-forming solutions and their influence on the functional properties of biopolymer films. 
  • 2.6K
  • 13 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Arabinoxylans
The health benefits of fibre consumption are sound, but a more compressive understanding of the individual effects of different fibres is still needed. Arabinoxylan is a complex fibre that provides a wide range of health benefits strongly regulated by its chemical structure. Arabinoxylans can be found in various grains, such as wheat, barley, or corn.
  • 2.6K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Role of MPO in Human Diseases and Inflammation
Myeloperoxidase (MPO), also called hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase with a particular (EC 1.11.1.7), is an enzyme found in the primary granules of granulocytic cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, and, to a lesser extent, monocytes). Lymphocytes lack MPO enzyme activity. However, the most common sources are neutrophils, where the enzyme is located at the lysosomal level in the azurophil granules.
  • 2.6K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Shunting-Yard Algorithm
In computer science, the shunting-yard algorithm is a method for parsing arithmetical or logical expressions, or a combination of both, specified in infix notation. It can produce either a postfix notation string, also known as Reverse Polish notation (RPN), or an abstract syntax tree (AST). The algorithm was invented by Edsger Dijkstra and named the "shunting yard" algorithm because its operation resembles that of a railroad shunting yard. Dijkstra first described the Shunting Yard Algorithm in the Mathematisch Centrum report MR 34/61. Like the evaluation of RPN, the shunting yard algorithm is stack-based. Infix expressions are the form of mathematical notation most people are used to, for instance "3 + 4" or "3 + 4 × (2 − 1)". For the conversion there are two text variables (strings), the input and the output. There is also a stack that holds operators not yet added to the output queue. To convert, the program reads each symbol in order and does something based on that symbol. The result for the above examples would be (in Reverse Polish notation) "3 4 +" and "3 4 2 1 − × +", respectively. The shunting yard algorithm will correctly parse all valid infix expressions, but does not reject all invalid expressions. For example, "1 2 +" is not a valid infix expression, but would be parsed as "1 + 2". The algorithm can however reject expressions with mismatched parentheses. The shunting-yard algorithm was later generalized into operator-precedence parsing.
  • 2.6K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tactile Sensing Technology Based on Magnetic Sensors
Tactile perception is one of the most important ways for organisms to obtain environmental information, just like vision and hearing. How to make robots acquire tactile perception like human beings is one of the hot spots in scientific research. With the idea of bionics, a large number of tactile sensors have been designed based on the working principle of human skin. Biomimetic tactile sensors are important media for robots to perceive external environment, which help robots get information about pressure, vibration, roughness, and temperature. Tactile sensors have played an important role in medical treatment, artificial skin, robot tactile feedback, and human–machine interaction. With the discovery of new materials and the development of microelectronics, tactile sensors based on a variety of transducing mechanisms such as resistance, capacitance, piezoelectric, and optics have been developed.
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacological Properties Improvement by Engineering of Nisin
Nisin is a readily available and cheap lanthipeptide and thus serves as a good model in the search for the tools to engineer lantibiotics with improved pharmacological properties. There are basically two general means to obtain nisin analogs—protein engineering and chemical functionalization of this antibiotic. Although bioengineering techniques have been well developed and enable the creation of nisin mutants of variable structures and properties, they are lacking spectacular effects so far. Chemical modifications of nisin based on utilization of the reactivity of its free amino and carboxylic moieties, as well as reactivity of the double bonds of its dehydroamino acids, are in their infancy.
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Adipogenesis
Adipose tissue is contemplated as a dynamic organ that plays key roles in the human body. Adipogenesis is the process by which adipocytes develop from adipose-derived stem cells to form the adipose tissue. Adipose-derived stem cells’ differentiation serves well beyond the simple goal of producing new adipocytes. Indeed, with the current immense biotechnological advances, the most critical role of adipose-derived stem cells remains their tremendous potential in the field of regenerative medicine. This entry focuses on examining the physiological importance of adipogenesis, the current approaches that are employed to model this tightly controlled phenomenon, and the crucial role of adipogenesis in elucidating the pathophysiology and potential treatment modalities of human diseases. The future of adipogenesis is centered around its crucial role in regenerative and personalized medicine.
  • 2.6K
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Countries Dependent on the Bay of Bengal
The countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal include littoral and landlocked countries that depend on the Bay of Bengal for maritime usage. Historically, the Bay of Bengal has been a highway of transport, trade and cultural exchange between diverse peoples encompassing South Asia and Southeast Asia. Today, the Bay of Bengal region is the convergence of two major geopolitical blocs- the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multisectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) promotes regional engagement in the area. The Bay of Bengal countries are often categorized into a maritime subregion. The bay hosts vital shipping routes linking its littoral and landlocked hinterland with the Indian Ocean. Its sea bed is being explored and exploited for hydrocarbon reserves.
  • 2.6K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Network Interface Controller
A network interface controller (NIC, also known as a network interface card, network adapter, LAN adapter or physical network interface, and by similar terms) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network. Early network interface controllers were commonly implemented on expansion cards that plugged into a computer bus. The low cost and ubiquity of the Ethernet standard means that most newer computers have a network interface built into the motherboard, or is contained into a USB-connected dongle. Modern network interface controllers offer advanced features such as interrupt and DMA interfaces to the host processors, support for multiple receive and transmit queues, partitioning into multiple logical interfaces, and on-controller network traffic processing such as the TCP offload engine.
  • 2.6K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Platinum Group Elements Geochemistry and Mineralogy
Platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru) and osmium (Os) are known as the platinum group elements (PGE). These metals are characterized by peculiar physical and chemical properties, such as high melting points, resistance to oxidation and corrosion, strong conductivity and ductility. 
  • 2.6K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Betacoronaviruses
In the 21st century, three highly pathogenic betacoronaviruses have emerged, with an alarming rate of human morbidity and case fatality. Genomic information has been widely used to understand the pathogenesis, animal origin and mode of transmission of coronaviruses in the aftermath of the 2002–2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreaks. Furthermore, genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis have had an unprecedented relevance in the battle against the 2019–2020 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the newest and most devastating outbreak caused by a coronavirus in the history of mankind. Here, we briefly review the application of genomics and bioinformatics in the molecular epidemiology of pathogenic betacoronaviruses.
  • 2.6K
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
STAT3 and p53
The tumor suppressor p53 is considered the “guardian of the genome” that can protect cells against cancer by inducing cell cycle arrest followed by cell death. However, STAT3 is constitutively activated in several human cancers and plays crucial roles in promoting cancer cell proliferation and survival. Hence, STAT3 and p53 have opposing roles in cellular pathway regulation, as activation of STAT3 upregulates the survival pathway, whereas p53 triggers the apoptotic pathway. Constitutive activation of STAT3 and gain or loss of p53 function due to mutations are the most frequent events in numerous cancer types. Several studies have reported the association of STAT3 and/or p53 mutations with drug resistance in cancer treatment. This review discusses the relationship between STAT3 and p53 status in cancer, the molecular mechanism underlying the negative regulation of p53 by STAT3, and vice versa. Moreover, it underlines prospective therapies targeting both STAT3 and p53 to enhance chemotherapeutic outcomes.
  • 2.6K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
EPR Effect for Cancer Treatment
The EPR effect was first discovered by Maeda and colleagues in solid murine tumors. The polymer-drug conjugates were i.v. administered, and 10-to-100-fold higher concentrations were achieved relative to free drug administration. The concentration of nanodrugs builds up in tumors due to the EPR effect, reaching several times higher than that of plasma due to the lack of lymphatic drainage. 
  • 2.6K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Prickly Pear Seed Oil
The PPSO has been extracted from prickly pear seeds using different extraction techniques, from conventional to advanced, and the PPSO yield varied depending on many factors, including geographic region, harvest period, fruit variety, maturation, extraction method and type of extraction solvent. Based on physicochemical properties of PPSO, it is considered an edible oil and can be used by humans. The chemical characterization of the oil has been reported, and it is sufficiently understood that the PPSO has high nutritive value and can be further studied for its health promotion effects.
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Zinc-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks
The design and structural frameworks for targeted drug delivery of medicinal compounds and improved cell imaging have been developed with several advantages. However, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are supplemented tremendously for medical uses with efficient efficacy. These MOFs are considered as an absolutely new class of porous materials, extensively used in drug delivery systems, cell imaging, and detecting the analytes, especially for cancer biomarkers, due to their excellent biocompatibility, easy functionalization, high storage capacity, and excellent biodegradability. While Zn-metal centers in MOFs have been found by enhanced efficient detection and improved drug delivery, these Zn-based MOFs have appeared to be safe as elucidated by different cytotoxicity assays for targeted drug delivery. On the other hand, the MOF-based heterogeneous catalyst is durable and can regenerate multiple times without losing activity. Therefore, as functional carriers for drug delivery, cell imaging, and chemosensory, MOFs’ chemical composition and flexible porous structure allowed engineering to improve their medical formulation and functionality.
  • 2.6K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Kerberos (Protocol)
Kerberos (/ˈkɜːrbərɒs/) is a computer-network authentication protocol that works on the basis of tickets to allow nodes communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner. Its designers aimed it primarily at a client–server model, and it provides mutual authentication—both the user and the server verify each other's identity. Kerberos protocol messages are protected against eavesdropping and replay attacks. Kerberos builds on symmetric-key cryptography and requires a trusted third party, and optionally may use public-key cryptography during certain phases of authentication. Kerberos uses UDP port 88 by default. The protocol was named after the character Kerberos (or Cerberus) from Greek mythology, the ferocious three-headed guard dog of Hades.
  • 2.6K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Piezoelectric Transducers Energy Conversion Network
Conversion between mechanical energy and electrical energy is critically important in industrial applications. Piezoelectric materials are unique for their ability in electric–mechanical transduction by applications of piezoelectric transducers that are usually spherical, cylindrical, or schistose. This topic review presents the most recent development of a piezoelectric transducers energy conversion network.
  • 2.6K
  • 31 Oct 2020
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