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HandWiki. Currency War of 2009–11. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37459 (accessed on 13 September 2026).
HandWiki. Currency War of 2009–11. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37459. Accessed September 13, 2026.
HandWiki. "Currency War of 2009–11" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37459 (accessed September 13, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, December 01). Currency War of 2009–11. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37459
HandWiki. "Currency War of 2009–11." Encyclopedia. Web. 01 December, 2022.
Currency War of 2009–11
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Finance:Currency_War_of_2009%E2%80%9311

The Currency War of 2009–2011 was an episode of competitive devaluation which became prominent in the financial press in September 2010. Competitive devaluation involves states competing with each other to achieve a relatively low valuation for their own currency, so as to assist their domestic industry. With the financial crises of 2008 the export sectors of many emerging economies have experienced declining orders, and from 2009 several states began or increased their levels of intervention to push down their currencies. Both private sector analysts and politicians including Tim Geithner have suggested the phrase currency war overstates the extent of hostility, but the term has been widely used by the media since Brazil's finance ministers Guido Mantega September 2010 announcement that a "currency war" had broken out. Other commentators including world statesmen such as Manmohan Singh and Guido Mantega suggested a currency war was indeed underway and that the leading participants are China and the US, though since 2009 many other states have been taking measures to either devalue or at least check the appreciation of their currencies. The US does not acknowledge that it is practicing competitive devaluation and its official policy is to let the dollar float freely. While the US has taken no direct action to devalue its currency, there is close to universal consensus among analysts that its quantitative easing programmes exert downwards pressure on the dollar. According to many analysts the currency war had largely fizzled out by mid-2011, though others including Mantega disagreed. As of March 2012, outbreaks of rhetoric were still occurring, with additional measures being adopted by countries like Brazil to control the appreciation of their currency. Yet by June, there were signs that currency misalignment had been levelling out in China and across the world, with even Mantega relaxing some of Brazils anti-appreciation controls. Alarms were raised concerning a possible second 21st currency war in January 2013, this time with the most apparent tension being between Japan and the Euro-zone.

quantitative easing currency misalignment levelling

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